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Grade 12 Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

monomer

A

a single subunit

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2
Q

how are macromolecules built?

A

by combining a nunber of smaller subunits

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3
Q

metabolism

A

the process by which macromolecules are built from monomers or disassembled

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

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4
Q

anabolism

A

reactions that build up molecules

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5
Q

catabolism

A

reactions that breakdown molecules

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6
Q

condensation (dehydration synthesis)

A

monomers are covalently linked to make a polymer by removing water

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7
Q

hydrolysis

A

covalent bonds connecting monomers in a polymer are disassembled by the addition of water

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8
Q

4 major classes of macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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9
Q

monosaccharide function

A
  • fuel - short term energy storage
  • building materials
  • cellular communication
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10
Q

monosaccharide structure

A
  • every carbon in the chain is attached to an oxygen
  • only one carbon is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl)
  • all other carbons are bonded to an alchohol (hydroxyl)
  • all other carbons are bonded to an OH (alchohol/hydroxyl)
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11
Q

aldehyde

A

c=o is at the end of the monosaccharide

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12
Q

ketone

A

c=o is in the beginning of the monosaccharide

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13
Q

monosaccharide length

A

3 to 7 carbons

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14
Q

sugars end in:

A

ose

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15
Q

triose

A

3 carbons

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16
Q

pentose

A

5 carbons

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17
Q

hexose

A

6 carbons

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18
Q

aldose

A

aldehyde

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19
Q

ketose

A

ketone

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20
Q

are monosaccharides polar?

A

yes - due to the hydroxyl groups

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21
Q

monosaccharides hydrophilic/hydrophobic

A
  • hydrophilic
  • soluble in water
  • sweet taste of monosaccharide require it to dissolve in water
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22
Q

anomeric carbon

A

the C of the C=O

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23
Q

how do linears form rings?

A

anomeric carbon reacts with the OH group to form a stable 5 or 6 sided ring structure

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24
Q

alpha orientation

A

OH group is on the opposite side of the CH2OH group

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25
beta orientation
OH group is on the same side as the CH2OH
26
glucose
(from CH2OH) down up down!!
27
galactose
(from CH2OH) up up doqn
28
mannose
(from CH2OH) down up UP
29
fructose
HAS 5
30
glycosidic bond
the ether bond between carbohydrates
31
maltose
glucose + glucose
32
lactose
glucose + galactose
33
sucrose
glucose + fructose
34
what linkage does maltose have?
alpha-1,4
35
linkage of lactose
beta -1,4
36
sucrose linkage
alpha-1,2
37
sucrose in real life
table sugar, the major tranport form of sugars in plants
38
reducing sugar
when the anomeric carbon has an OH group
39
all monosaccharides are reducing sugars T/F
T
40
polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharide (glusoce) joined by glycosidic linkages
41
two functions of polysaccharides:
storage, structural support
42
starch
glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 linakges
43
how many forms of starch + their forms?
two form with helical structure
44
what are the two types of starch?
amylose amylopectin
45
amylose
unbranched form
46
amylopectin
branched form
47
where is starch found and was it is used for?
- found in plants - stored withinchloroplasts - a way to store surplus glucose - animals can eat plants containing starch and derive energy from it
48
where is glycogen stored?
storage in liver and muscle cells of animals
49
what is glycogen structure
glucose polymer with extensive branching helical structure
50
why is glycogen branched the way it is?
allow enzymes easy access to breakdown the more loosely packed molecule into glucose
51
cellulose linkage
beta 1-4, makes every other glucose molecule face upside down resulting in a straght chain
52
cellulose use
make up the plant cell wall
53
where does cellulose get its strength?
crosslinks
54
crosslinks
hydrogen bonds between parallel strands of cellulose H atoms of OH groups on one strand form H- bonds with OH groups on other strands
55
microfibrils
8o cellulose polymers grouped and held together by crosslinks
56
where is chitin found?
cell walls of many fungi - exoskeletons of anthropods
57
chitin structure
similar to cellulose but also contains nitrogen
58
fuel in animals
glycogen
59
fuel in plants
starch
60
fuel structure
helical (alpha - 1,4) & mostly branched (alpha - 1,6)
61
support in animals?
chitin (fungi + arthropods)
62
support in plants
cellulose
63
support polysaccharide structure
straight unbranched beta - 1,4
64

Grade 12 Biology (30 decks)

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