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Grade 12 Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

monomer

A

a single subunit

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2
Q

how are macromolecules built?

A

by combining a nunber of smaller subunits

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3
Q

metabolism

A

the process by which macromolecules are built from monomers or disassembled

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

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4
Q

anabolism

A

reactions that build up molecules

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5
Q

catabolism

A

reactions that breakdown molecules

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6
Q

condensation (dehydration synthesis)

A

monomers are covalently linked to make a polymer by removing water

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7
Q

hydrolysis

A

covalent bonds connecting monomers in a polymer are disassembled by the addition of water

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8
Q

4 major classes of macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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9
Q

monosaccharide function

A
  • fuel - short term energy storage
  • building materials
  • cellular communication
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10
Q

monosaccharide structure

A
  • every carbon in the chain is attached to an oxygen
  • only one carbon is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl)
  • all other carbons are bonded to an alchohol (hydroxyl)
  • all other carbons are bonded to an OH (alchohol/hydroxyl)
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11
Q

aldehyde

A

c=o is at the end of the monosaccharide

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12
Q

ketone

A

c=o is in the beginning of the monosaccharide

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13
Q

monosaccharide length

A

3 to 7 carbons

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14
Q

sugars end in:

A

ose

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15
Q

triose

A

3 carbons

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16
Q

pentose

A

5 carbons

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17
Q

hexose

A

6 carbons

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18
Q

aldose

A

aldehyde

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19
Q

ketose

A

ketone

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20
Q

are monosaccharides polar?

A

yes - due to the hydroxyl groups

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21
Q

monosaccharides hydrophilic/hydrophobic

A
  • hydrophilic
  • soluble in water
  • sweet taste of monosaccharide require it to dissolve in water
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22
Q

anomeric carbon

A

the C of the C=O

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23
Q

how do linears form rings?

A

anomeric carbon reacts with the OH group to form a stable 5 or 6 sided ring structure

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24
Q

alpha orientation

A

OH group is on the opposite side of the CH2OH group

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25
Q

beta orientation

A

OH group is on the same side as the CH2OH

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26
Q

glucose

A

(from CH2OH) down up down!!

27
Q

galactose

A

(from CH2OH) up up doqn

28
Q

mannose

A

(from CH2OH) down up UP

29
Q

fructose

A

HAS 5

30
Q

glycosidic bond

A

the ether bond between carbohydrates

31
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

32
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

33
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

34
Q

what linkage does maltose have?

A

alpha-1,4

35
Q

linkage of lactose

A

beta -1,4

36
Q

sucrose linkage

A

alpha-1,2

37
Q

sucrose in real life

A

table sugar, the major tranport form of sugars in plants

38
Q

reducing sugar

A

when the anomeric carbon has an OH group

39
Q

all monosaccharides are reducing sugars T/F

A

T

40
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharide (glusoce) joined by glycosidic linkages

41
Q

two functions of polysaccharides:

A

storage, structural support

42
Q

starch

A

glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 linakges

43
Q

how many forms of starch + their forms?

A

two form with helical structure

44
Q

what are the two types of starch?

A

amylose
amylopectin

45
Q

amylose

A

unbranched form

46
Q

amylopectin

A

branched form

47
Q

where is starch found and was it is used for?

A
  • found in plants
  • stored withinchloroplasts
  • a way to store surplus glucose
  • animals can eat plants containing starch and derive energy from it
48
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

storage in liver and muscle cells of animals

49
Q

what is glycogen structure

A

glucose polymer with extensive branching

helical structure

50
Q

why is glycogen branched the way it is?

A

allow enzymes easy access to breakdown the more loosely packed molecule into glucose

51
Q

cellulose linkage

A

beta 1-4, makes every other glucose molecule face upside down resulting in a straght chain

52
Q

cellulose use

A

make up the plant cell wall

53
Q

where does cellulose get its strength?

A

crosslinks

54
Q

crosslinks

A

hydrogen bonds between parallel strands of cellulose

H atoms of OH groups on one strand form H- bonds with OH groups on other strands

55
Q

microfibrils

A

8o cellulose polymers grouped and held together by crosslinks

56
Q

where is chitin found?

A

cell walls of many fungi

  • exoskeletons of anthropods
57
Q

chitin structure

A

similar to cellulose but also contains nitrogen

58
Q

fuel in animals

A

glycogen

59
Q

fuel in plants

A

starch

60
Q

fuel structure

A

helical (alpha - 1,4) & mostly branched (alpha - 1,6)

61
Q

support in animals?

A

chitin (fungi + arthropods)

62
Q

support in plants

A

cellulose

63
Q

support polysaccharide structure

A

straight unbranched beta - 1,4

64
Q
A

Grade 12 Biology (30 decks)

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