Carbohydrates Flashcards
monomer
a single subunit
how are macromolecules built?
by combining a nunber of smaller subunits
metabolism
the process by which macromolecules are built from monomers or disassembled
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism
anabolism
reactions that build up molecules
catabolism
reactions that breakdown molecules
condensation (dehydration synthesis)
monomers are covalently linked to make a polymer by removing water
hydrolysis
covalent bonds connecting monomers in a polymer are disassembled by the addition of water
4 major classes of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
monosaccharide function
- fuel - short term energy storage
- building materials
- cellular communication
monosaccharide structure
- every carbon in the chain is attached to an oxygen
- only one carbon is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl)
- all other carbons are bonded to an alchohol (hydroxyl)
- all other carbons are bonded to an OH (alchohol/hydroxyl)
aldehyde
c=o is at the end of the monosaccharide
ketone
c=o is in the beginning of the monosaccharide
monosaccharide length
3 to 7 carbons
sugars end in:
ose
triose
3 carbons
pentose
5 carbons
hexose
6 carbons
aldose
aldehyde
ketose
ketone
are monosaccharides polar?
yes - due to the hydroxyl groups
monosaccharides hydrophilic/hydrophobic
- hydrophilic
- soluble in water
- sweet taste of monosaccharide require it to dissolve in water
anomeric carbon
the C of the C=O
how do linears form rings?
anomeric carbon reacts with the OH group to form a stable 5 or 6 sided ring structure
alpha orientation
OH group is on the opposite side of the CH2OH group
beta orientation
OH group is on the same side as the CH2OH
glucose
(from CH2OH) down up down!!
galactose
(from CH2OH) up up doqn
mannose
(from CH2OH) down up UP
fructose
HAS 5
glycosidic bond
the ether bond between carbohydrates
maltose
glucose + glucose
lactose
glucose + galactose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
what linkage does maltose have?
alpha-1,4
linkage of lactose
beta -1,4
sucrose linkage
alpha-1,2
sucrose in real life
table sugar, the major tranport form of sugars in plants
reducing sugar
when the anomeric carbon has an OH group
all monosaccharides are reducing sugars T/F
T
polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharide (glusoce) joined by glycosidic linkages
two functions of polysaccharides:
storage, structural support
starch
glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 linakges
how many forms of starch + their forms?
two form with helical structure
what are the two types of starch?
amylose
amylopectin
amylose
unbranched form
amylopectin
branched form
where is starch found and was it is used for?
- found in plants
- stored withinchloroplasts
- a way to store surplus glucose
- animals can eat plants containing starch and derive energy from it
where is glycogen stored?
storage in liver and muscle cells of animals
what is glycogen structure
glucose polymer with extensive branching
helical structure
why is glycogen branched the way it is?
allow enzymes easy access to breakdown the more loosely packed molecule into glucose
cellulose linkage
beta 1-4, makes every other glucose molecule face upside down resulting in a straght chain
cellulose use
make up the plant cell wall
where does cellulose get its strength?
crosslinks
crosslinks
hydrogen bonds between parallel strands of cellulose
H atoms of OH groups on one strand form H- bonds with OH groups on other strands
microfibrils
8o cellulose polymers grouped and held together by crosslinks
where is chitin found?
cell walls of many fungi
- exoskeletons of anthropods
chitin structure
similar to cellulose but also contains nitrogen
fuel in animals
glycogen
fuel in plants
starch
fuel structure
helical (alpha - 1,4) & mostly branched (alpha - 1,6)
support in animals?
chitin (fungi + arthropods)
support in plants
cellulose
support polysaccharide structure
straight unbranched beta - 1,4
