Bio Thermochemistry Flashcards
energy
capacity to do work
potential energy
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
biological importance of potential energy
chemical energy is a form of potential energy in molecules because of the arrangement of atoms
thermodynamics
study of energy transformations
system
the matter under study in thermodynamics
surroundings
everything outside the system
closed system
isolated from surroundings - energy can exchange between system and surrounding but not matter
open system
energy and often matter can be transferred between the system and surroundings
first law of thermodynamics
the total amount of energy in the universe is constant - energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred and transformed
where does kinetic energy for humans come from?
from potential energy in food eaten earlier that was stored in the body - cellular respiration unleashes it from food first
where does the chemical energy in food come from?
from light energy converted by plants during photosynthesis
exergonic
when energy for breaking and forming bonds is released
endergonic
when energy for breaking and forming bonds is absorbed
how do cells release free energy
by gradually breaking down organic fuel in a series of reactions each catalyzed by an enzyme
types of cellular work
transport work, mechanical work, chemical work
transport work
pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement
mechanical work
beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cell, movement of chromosomes
chemical work
synthesis of polymers from monomers, many enzymatic reactions
regeneration of ATP - endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic
methods of ATP synthesis
- substrate-level phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation
describe substrate-level phosphorylation
the phosphate neede to change ADP to ATP is attached to the food and an enzyme transfers that phosphate from the food to the ADP to make ATP
what is the direct method of ATP syntehsis
substrate level phosphorylation
what is the indirect method of ATP synthesis
oxidative phosphorylation
describe oxidative phosphorylation
uses redox reactions where electrons are transferred to an intermediate forming high energy molecules like NADH and FADH2
redox reactions
reactions involving electron transfer
oxidation electron relationship
a substance loses electrons - is oxidized
reduction electron relationship
a substance gains electrons - is reduced
reducing agent
- the substance that LOSES electrons
- makes the other substance reduced
oxidizing agent
- substance that GAINS electrons
- cuases the other substane to be oxidized
second law of thermodynamics
energy transformation make the universe more disordered
entropy
a measure of disorder, chaos or randomness
