C3 Energy, Biosynthesis Flashcards
Two steps of photosynthesis
- light energy stored as ATP and NADPH, oxygen released.
2. ATP and NADPH used to make sugars.
respiration
use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules to produce energy
dehydrogenation reactions (reduce/oxidize) carbon
oxidize
(oxidation/reduction) of carbon is energetically favorable in cells
oxidation
Lowers the activation energy of a specific reation
Enzyme
Enzymes (do/do not) influence the equilibrium point of the reaction
do not
gibbs free energy equation
dG=dH-TdS
An exergonic dG is (favorable/unfavorable)
favorable
An endergonic dG is (favorable/unfavorable)
unfavorable
exergonic. dG (>/<) 0
exergonic. dG < 0
Equilibrium is achieved when the free energy is..
equal to zero
How would one move equilibrium toward the product
couple to even more favorable reaction
ATP contain two high-energy ? bonds
phosphoanhydride
This electron carrier is used in catabolic reactions
NAD+/NADH
This electron carrier is used in anabolic reactions
NADP+/NADPH
NAD+/NADH is used to drive ? reactions
oxidation
NADP+/NADPH is used to drive ? reactions
reduction
The synthesis of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are all made possible by the hydrolysis of ?
Nucleotide triphosphates
Cells are in ?, they are not in equilibrium
steady state
sum total of all reactions the cell needs to carry out to survive, grow and reproduce
metabolism
How does a cell follow the second law of thermodynamics
Although parts inside the cell have negative entropy and are more organized, the cell releases heat which increases the entropy of the environment.
dG depends not only in energy stored in individual molecules, but also ?
in concentration of reactant and product
dG=
dG* + RT ln K
