C2 p1 slides Chemistry, Carbohydrates Flashcards
Electrons are organized into shells that hold ?, ?, ? and ? electrons
2,8,8,18
Covalent bond strength
90 kcal/mol
Ionic bond strength in Vacuum
80 kcal/mol
Ionic bond strength in water
3 kcal/mol
H-bond strength in vacuum
4 kcal/mol
H-bond strength in water
1 kcal/mol
van der waals forces
contact distance between any two non-covalently bound atoms is the sum of their van der waals radii
blood ph
7.2
Buffer solutions contain a ? and its ?
weak acid, conjugate base
esters are formed by combining ? and ?
acid and alcohol
amides are formed by combining ? and ?
amine and acid
a nitrogen adjacent to a carbonyl carbon
amide
vitamins provide essential ?
cofactors
Carbohydrate general formula
Cn(H2O)n
glycogen is stored in ? and ?
muscle, liver
chitin and cellulose are polymers of ?
glucose
glucose storage in mammals
glycogen
glucose storage in plants
starch
blood type is determined by expression of certain ?
glycolipids
In a carbohydrate, if the -OH group on the last chiral carbon from the carbonyl carbon is pointing left, which enenatiomer is shown?
L
In ring conformation, the -OH on the carbon adjacent to two oxygens is pointing up, which anomer is shown?
beta
three carbohydrate uses
energy storage, structure, signalling
sugars that differ in configuration at only one carbon
epimers
monosaccharide units are joined by ?
glycosidic linkage
carbohydrate enantiomers found in humans
L
Use of branching in glycogen
creates multiple starting points for access to glucose
? Glycosidic linkage wants to keep flat
beta
Starch is a polymer of ?-glucose
alpha
Cellulose is a polymer of ?-glucose
beta
glycogen is a polymer of glucose with ? And ? Linkages
alpha(1,4) and alpha(1,6)
glucose hydroxyl group of sugar replaced with carboxyl
glucuronic acid
glucose hydroxyl group of sugar replaced with amine
glucosamine
one kcal = ? kj
4.2
kcal
amount of energy required to raise temperature of water by 1 degree Celsius
Macro molecules make up this percent of cells
26%
