C2 p1 slides Chemistry, Carbohydrates

Question 1

Electrons are organized into shells that hold ?, ?, ? and ? electrons

Answer 1

2,8,8,18

Question 2

Covalent bond strength

Answer 2

90 kcal/mol

Question 3

Ionic bond strength in Vacuum

Answer 3

80 kcal/mol

Question 4

Ionic bond strength in water

Answer 4

3 kcal/mol

Question 5

H-bond strength in vacuum

Answer 5

4 kcal/mol

Question 6

H-bond strength in water

Answer 6

1 kcal/mol

Question 7

van der waals forces

Answer 7

contact distance between any two non-covalently bound atoms is the sum of their van der waals radii

Question 8

blood ph

Answer 8

7.2

Question 9

Buffer solutions contain a ? and its ?

Answer 9

weak acid, conjugate base

Question 10

esters are formed by combining ? and ?

Answer 10

acid and alcohol

Question 11

amides are formed by combining ? and ?

Answer 11

amine and acid

Question 12

a nitrogen adjacent to a carbonyl carbon

Answer 12

amide

Question 13

vitamins provide essential ?

Answer 13

cofactors

Question 14

Carbohydrate general formula

Answer 14

Cn(H2O)n

Question 15

glycogen is stored in ? and ?

Answer 15

muscle, liver

Question 16

chitin and cellulose are polymers of ?

Answer 16

glucose

Question 17

glucose storage in mammals

Answer 17

glycogen

Question 18

glucose storage in plants

Answer 18

starch

Question 19

blood type is determined by expression of certain ?

Answer 19

glycolipids

Question 20

In a carbohydrate, if the -OH group on the last chiral carbon from the carbonyl carbon is pointing left, which enenatiomer is shown?

Answer 20

L

Question 21

In ring conformation, the -OH on the carbon adjacent to two oxygens is pointing up, which anomer is shown?

Answer 21

beta

Question 22

three carbohydrate uses

Answer 22

energy storage, structure, signalling

Question 23

sugars that differ in configuration at only one carbon

Answer 23

epimers

Question 24

monosaccharide units are joined by ?

Answer 24

glycosidic linkage

Question 25

carbohydrate enantiomers found in humans

Answer 25

L

Question 26

Use of branching in glycogen

Answer 26

creates multiple starting points for access to glucose

Question 27

? Glycosidic linkage wants to keep flat

Answer 27

beta

Question 28

Starch is a polymer of ?-glucose

Answer 28

alpha

Question 29

Cellulose is a polymer of ?-glucose

Answer 29

beta

Question 30

glycogen is a polymer of glucose with ? And ? Linkages

Answer 30

alpha(1,4) and alpha(1,6)

Question 31

glucose hydroxyl group of sugar replaced with carboxyl

Answer 31

glucuronic acid

Question 32

glucose hydroxyl group of sugar replaced with amine

Answer 32

glucosamine

Question 33

one kcal = ? kj

Answer 33

4.2

Question 34

kcal

Answer 34

amount of energy required to raise temperature of water by 1 degree Celsius

Question 35

Macro molecules make up this percent of cells

Answer 35

26%