C1 Cells Flashcards
Four macromolecules
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
Microscope invented by ? and ? in mid 1600s
Hooke and leeuwenhoek
Problem with electron microscope
limited to “fixed” materials
Three features differentiating bacteria
cell wall, no nucleus, no organelles
Who proposed that all organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life?
Mathias Schleden and Theodor Schwann
Proposed “omnis cellula a cellula” or “cells can only arise from preexisting cells”
Virchow
Showed that life does not spontaneously arise
Pasteur
5 major organelles
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, golgi
Membranes separate the organelles from the ?
cytosol
ph of the lysosome
5
endosymbiotictheory (margulis)
mitochondria and chloroplasts were free-living bacteria before being taken up into eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ? which are the site of ?
ribosomes, protein synthesis
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is mostly concerned with ?
lipid metabolism
The golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging ? for exocytosis or use within the cell.
Proteins from rough ER (and lipids from smooth ER)
Long fine filament network consisting of ? (3)
microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments
actin is present in especially large number in ? cells
muscle
intermediate filaments function in ?
strengthening the cell mechanically
Model Bacteria
E. Coli
Model simple eukaryote
Yeast (S. Cerivisiae)
Model plant
arabidopsis
Model animals
Drosphila (fly), caenorhabditis(worm), mus musculus (mouse), homo sapiens
Benefits of E. Coli as model organism
copes well w/ various conditions, reproduces rapidly, small genomes.
Benefits of Yeast as model organism
single celled, rapid reproduction, only 2.5 times as much DNA as E. Coli
Benefits of Arabidopsis as model organism
small, grows indoors, quick reproduction, small genome
Benefit of Drosophila as model organism
genetic tools allow us to probe development.
Benefits of C. Elegans as model organism
Model for apoptosis (programmed cell death). Unusual degree of regularity.
Genes that control the cell-division cycle
cdc genes
S. Pombe cells with temperature-sensitive ? genes cannot divide at high temperatures
cdc2
We have over ? different types of cells in our bodies assembled into a variety of tissues
200
Three types of epithelial cells
absorptive, ciliated, secretory
The brain and spinal cord are composed of a network of ?
neurons
synapse
where a neuron forms a junction with another neuron (or muscle cell)
Erythrocytes
red blood cells. have no nucleus or internal membranes. filled with hemoglobin.
leucocytes
white blood cells. protect against infections.
Two types of leucocytes
lymphocytes, macrophages
moves joints by strong and rapid contraction
skeletal muscle
thin elongated cells present in digestive tract, bladder, arteries and veins
smooth muscle
intermediate muscle between skeletal and smooth
cardiac (responsible for heartbeat)
cells entire library of genetic information
genome
Organelles that have their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two (2)
mitochondria and chloroplasts
site of intracellular digestion
lysosomes
generates and degrades hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that prey upon other cells
protozoa
benefits of zebrafish as model organism
transparent for first two weeks of life
model vertebrate
zebrafish
Organism that Provided definitive proof that genes are carried on chromosomes.
Drosophila
Organism used in Used in discovery of how cells replicate.
E. Coli
Benefits of mice as model organism
deliberately engineered mutations, almost every gene has counterpart in humans
