C14 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Question 1

chemiosomotic coupling

Answer 1

uses energy of electrons to make proton gradient

Question 2

Inner membrane of mitochondra is high in ?

Answer 2

protein

Question 3

The components of mitochondra ETC

Answer 3

NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c1, cytochrome oxidase

Question 4

Protons are mumped into the ? of mitochondra during ETC

Answer 4

intermembrane space

Question 5

Four electron carriers in mitochondra ETC

Answer 5

NADH, ubiquinone, cytochrome C, O2

Question 6

Three ATP synthase conformations

Answer 6

loose (binds ADP and P), tights ( makes ATP), open (releases ATP)

Question 7

How many protons required for ATP synthase to make one ATP

Answer 7

4

Question 8

Function of dinitrophenol in ETC

Answer 8

uncouples ETC from ATP synthesis. Allow protons back into matrix. Energy lost as heat.

Question 9

fast twitch muscle

Answer 9

fewer mitochondria, more reliance on stored ATP and glycolysis, generates more force in short burst

Question 10

slow twitch muscle

Answer 10

more mitochondria, better for continuous low force

Question 11

Light reactions of photosynthesis use water to produce ? (3)

Answer 11

ATP, NADPH, O2

Question 12

light is captured by chlorophyll in ? and transferred to ?

Answer 12

antenna complex, reaction center

Question 13

Z scheme

Answer 13

electron excited in photosytem 2 loses energy as it is passed through b6-f complex and then gains energy again in photosystem 1

Question 14

protons are pumped into ? in phtosynthesis ETC

Answer 14

thylakoid lumen

Question 15

oxygen evolving complex

Answer 15

produces protons and oxygen in thylakoid lumen from water

Question 16

electrons are transported from psii to ctc b6f by ?

Answer 16

plastoquinone

Question 17

electron carrier that takes electrons from cyt b6f to Psii

Answer 17

plastocyanin

Question 18

cyt b6f pumps ? protons per electron pair

Answer 18

two

Question 19

compounds consumed in light dependent reactions

Answer 19

8 photons, 2 water molecules

Question 20

compounds created in light dependent reactions

Answer 20

one 02, two NADPH

Question 21

protons pumped by light dependent reactions

Answer 21

14

Question 22

cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 22

electrons from ferredoxin are passed to cyt b6f

Question 23

Dark reactions of photosynthesis also called

Answer 23

calvin cycle, c3 pathway, carbon fixation

Question 24

Summary of dark reactions

Answer 24

carboxylation of rubisco, reduction of 3PG to G3P, regeneration of rubisco

Question 25

Substrate required for fixation of one G3P and regeneration of rubisco

Answer 25

3 co2, 3 rubisco, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH

Question 26

Most abundant protein in world

Answer 26

rubisco

Question 27

photorespiration

Answer 27

plants incorporate o2 instead of co2. costly as product must be recycled.

Question 28

c4 plants

Answer 28

avoid photorespiration by increasing co2 concentration

Question 29

c4 pathway summary

Answer 29

mesophyll cell suse PEP carboxylase to make oxaloacetate from co2 and PEP. NADPH reduces oxaloacetate to malate. malate is decarboxylated to provide co2 concentration

Question 30

CAM pathway summary

Answer 30

modification of c4 pathway. stromata open only at night and fix co2. store malate in vacuoles until day. decarboxylate malate to give high co2 concentration