C14 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Flashcards
chemiosomotic coupling
uses energy of electrons to make proton gradient
Inner membrane of mitochondra is high in ?
protein
The components of mitochondra ETC
NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c1, cytochrome oxidase
Protons are mumped into the ? of mitochondra during ETC
intermembrane space
Four electron carriers in mitochondra ETC
NADH, ubiquinone, cytochrome C, O2
Three ATP synthase conformations
loose (binds ADP and P), tights ( makes ATP), open (releases ATP)
How many protons required for ATP synthase to make one ATP
4
Function of dinitrophenol in ETC
uncouples ETC from ATP synthesis. Allow protons back into matrix. Energy lost as heat.
fast twitch muscle
fewer mitochondria, more reliance on stored ATP and glycolysis, generates more force in short burst
slow twitch muscle
more mitochondria, better for continuous low force
Light reactions of photosynthesis use water to produce ? (3)
ATP, NADPH, O2
light is captured by chlorophyll in ? and transferred to ?
antenna complex, reaction center
Z scheme
electron excited in photosytem 2 loses energy as it is passed through b6-f complex and then gains energy again in photosystem 1
protons are pumped into ? in phtosynthesis ETC
thylakoid lumen
oxygen evolving complex
produces protons and oxygen in thylakoid lumen from water
electrons are transported from psii to ctc b6f by ?
plastoquinone
electron carrier that takes electrons from cyt b6f to Psii
plastocyanin
cyt b6f pumps ? protons per electron pair
two
compounds consumed in light dependent reactions
8 photons, 2 water molecules
compounds created in light dependent reactions
one 02, two NADPH
protons pumped by light dependent reactions
14
cyclic photophosphorylation
electrons from ferredoxin are passed to cyt b6f
Dark reactions of photosynthesis also called
calvin cycle, c3 pathway, carbon fixation
Summary of dark reactions
carboxylation of rubisco, reduction of 3PG to G3P, regeneration of rubisco
Substrate required for fixation of one G3P and regeneration of rubisco
3 co2, 3 rubisco, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
Most abundant protein in world
rubisco
photorespiration
plants incorporate o2 instead of co2. costly as product must be recycled.
c4 plants
avoid photorespiration by increasing co2 concentration
c4 pathway summary
mesophyll cell suse PEP carboxylase to make oxaloacetate from co2 and PEP. NADPH reduces oxaloacetate to malate. malate is decarboxylated to provide co2 concentration
CAM pathway summary
modification of c4 pathway. stromata open only at night and fix co2. store malate in vacuoles until day. decarboxylate malate to give high co2 concentration
