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Human Bio > Bones: Joints, Healing, Disorders > Flashcards

Bones: Joints, Healing, Disorders Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Differences in male and female skeleton

A

Male:

  1. Narrow pelvis, tilted back
  2. Immovable coccyx
  3. Narrow, long sacrum
  4. Bones are thicker + heavier
  5. Markings are more pronounced

Female:

  1. Wide pelvis
  2. Movable coccyx
  3. Wider, shorter sacrum + more curvature
  4. Bones are thinner + lighter
  5. Markings are less pronounced
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2
Q

Synarthrotic Joints (4)

A
  1. Little or no movement
  2. No joint cavity
  3. Bone or fibrous cartilage between articulating surfaces
  4. Most abundant in axial skeleton
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3
Q

Synarthrotic Joint Examples (2)

A
  1. Fibrous: sutures

2. Cartilaginous: discs, symphysis, pubis

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4
Q

Diarthrotic Joints (8)

A
  1. Movement
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces
  4. Majority of joints
  5. Synovial membrane: secretes fluid
  6. Additional ligaments
  7. Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae
  8. Bursae: flat sacs filled with synovial fluid, lie outside of joint, act like ball bearings
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5
Q

Diarthrotic joint examples (6)

A
  1. Ball and socket: hip, shoulder
  2. Hinge: knee, elbow, fingers, toes
  3. Saddle: thumb
  4. Pivot: elbow, neck
  5. Gliding: carpals, tarsals, between ribs and vertebrae, shoulder
  6. Ellipsoid: wrist (radiocarpal)
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6
Q

Synovial joints (6)

A
  1. Ball and socket
  2. Hinge
  3. Saddle
  4. Ellipsoid
  5. Pivot
  6. Gliding
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7
Q

Ball and socket

A

Shoulder and hip joints

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8
Q

Hinge

A

Elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints

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9
Q

Saddle

A

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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10
Q

Ellipsoid

A

Radiocarpal/wrist joint

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11
Q

Pivot

A

Skull on atlas, odontoid process of 2nd cervical vertebrae

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12
Q

Gliding

A

Intercarpal joints

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13
Q

5 steps in fracture healing

A
  1. Stop the bleeding
  2. WBC’s go to damaged area
  3. Heal tissues
  4. Production of fiber bone
  5. Formation of lamellar bone
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14
Q

Factors that influence healing of a fracture (10)

A
  1. Vitamin deficiency
  2. Protein deficiency
  3. Anticoagulants
  4. Age
  5. Edema
  6. Temperature
  7. Foreign body reaction
  8. Recurrent trauma
  9. Bloody supply
  10. Infection
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15
Q

Sprain

A

Ligament damage: twisting or wrenching without complete dislocation, resulting in local inflammation and pain

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16
Q

Separation

A

Forcibly displaced joint injury (gliding)

17
Q

Dislocation

A

Forcibly displaced joint injury (ball and socket/hinge joints)

18
Q

Fracture

A

A break in a bone

19
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

20
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint

21
Q

Rickets

A

Disorder in children caused by insufficient calcium absorption due to a vitamin D deficiency and characterized by soft, bowed long bones

22
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Form of short limbed dwarfism

23
Q

Gout

A

Disorder caused by excessive uric acid in the blood. Uric acid crystallizes and deposits in joints resulting in localized pain

24
Q

Osteitis deformans (Paget’s disease)

A

A disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue

25
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Occurs when flexible tissue at the end of bone wears down

26
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the soft tissue of the bone (marrow)

27
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Common in old age, characterized by a decreased bone mass and a subsequent increased tendency to fracture caused by decreased levels of estrogen or calcium

28
Q

Osteomalacia

A

The softening of bones that is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the diet

29
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease when joints become fused, connective tissue and cartilage is lost

30
Q
  1. Stop the bleeding
A

This includes hematoma or edema

31
Q
  1. White Blood Cells go to damages area (2)
A
  1. Destruction and reabsorption of damaged cells

2. Due to necrosis of tissue

32
Q
  1. Heal Tissues (1)
A
  1. Periosteum and endosteum first
33
Q
  1. Production of fiber bone (4)
A
  1. Temporary bridging structure, not suitable as a permanent structure
  2. Weaker, lower mineral density
  3. Lacks uniform 3D structure
  4. Produced by osteoblasts
34
Q
  1. Formation of Lamellor Bone (3)
A
  1. Strong, permanent
  2. Higher mineral density
  3. Formed by different osteoblasts

Human Bio (30 decks)

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