Bones: Joints, Healing, Disorders

Question 1

Differences in male and female skeleton

Answer 1

Male:

1. Narrow pelvis, tilted back
2. Immovable coccyx
3. Narrow, long sacrum
4. Bones are thicker + heavier
5. Markings are more pronounced

Female:

1. Wide pelvis
2. Movable coccyx
3. Wider, shorter sacrum + more curvature
4. Bones are thinner + lighter
5. Markings are less pronounced

Question 2

Synarthrotic Joints (4)

Answer 2

1. Little or no movement
2. No joint cavity
3. Bone or fibrous cartilage between articulating surfaces
4. Most abundant in axial skeleton

Question 3

Synarthrotic Joint Examples (2)

Answer 3

1. Fibrous: sutures

2. Cartilaginous: discs, symphysis, pubis

Question 4

Diarthrotic Joints (8)

Answer 4

1. Movement
2. Joint cavity
3. Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces
4. Majority of joints
5. Synovial membrane: secretes fluid
6. Additional ligaments
7. Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae
8. Bursae: flat sacs filled with synovial fluid, lie outside of joint, act like ball bearings

Question 5

Diarthrotic joint examples (6)

Answer 5

1. Ball and socket: hip, shoulder
2. Hinge: knee, elbow, fingers, toes
3. Saddle: thumb
4. Pivot: elbow, neck
5. Gliding: carpals, tarsals, between ribs and vertebrae, shoulder
6. Ellipsoid: wrist (radiocarpal)

Question 6

Synovial joints (6)

Answer 6

1. Ball and socket
2. Hinge
3. Saddle
4. Ellipsoid
5. Pivot
6. Gliding

Question 7

Ball and socket

Answer 7

Shoulder and hip joints

Question 8

Hinge

Answer 8

Elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints

Question 9

Saddle

Answer 9

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 10

Ellipsoid

Answer 10

Radiocarpal/wrist joint

Question 11

Pivot

Answer 11

Skull on atlas, odontoid process of 2nd cervical vertebrae

Question 12

Gliding

Answer 12

Intercarpal joints

Question 13

5 steps in fracture healing

Answer 13

1. Stop the bleeding
2. WBC’s go to damaged area
3. Heal tissues
4. Production of fiber bone
5. Formation of lamellar bone

Question 14

Factors that influence healing of a fracture (10)

Answer 14

1. Vitamin deficiency
2. Protein deficiency
3. Anticoagulants
4. Age
5. Edema
6. Temperature
7. Foreign body reaction
8. Recurrent trauma
9. Bloody supply
10. Infection

Question 15

Sprain

Answer 15

Ligament damage: twisting or wrenching without complete dislocation, resulting in local inflammation and pain

Question 16

Separation

Answer 16

Forcibly displaced joint injury (gliding)

Question 17

Dislocation

Answer 17

Forcibly displaced joint injury (ball and socket/hinge joints)

Question 18

Fracture

Answer 18

A break in a bone

Question 19

Bursitis

Answer 19

Inflammation of a bursa

Question 20

Arthritis

Answer 20

Inflammation of a joint

Question 21

Rickets

Answer 21

Disorder in children caused by insufficient calcium absorption due to a vitamin D deficiency and characterized by soft, bowed long bones

Question 22

Achondroplasia

Answer 22

Form of short limbed dwarfism

Question 23

Gout

Answer 23

Disorder caused by excessive uric acid in the blood. Uric acid crystallizes and deposits in joints resulting in localized pain

Question 24

Osteitis deformans (Paget’s disease)

Answer 24

A disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue

Question 25

Osteoarthritis

Answer 25

Occurs when flexible tissue at the end of bone wears down

Question 26

Osteomyelitis

Answer 26

Inflammation of the soft tissue of the bone (marrow)

Question 27

Osteoporosis

Answer 27

Common in old age, characterized by a decreased bone mass and a subsequent increased tendency to fracture caused by decreased levels of estrogen or calcium

Question 28

Osteomalacia

Answer 28

The softening of bones that is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the diet

Question 29

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 29

Autoimmune disease when joints become fused, connective tissue and cartilage is lost

Question 30

1. Stop the bleeding

Answer 30

This includes hematoma or edema

Question 31

2. White Blood Cells go to damages area (2)

Answer 31

1. Destruction and reabsorption of damaged cells | 2. Due to necrosis of tissue

Question 32

3. Heal Tissues (1)

Answer 32

1. Periosteum and endosteum first

Question 33

4. Production of fiber bone (4)

Answer 33

1. Temporary bridging structure, not suitable as a permanent structure 2. Weaker, lower mineral density 3. Lacks uniform 3D structure 4. Produced by osteoblasts

Question 34

5. Formation of Lamellor Bone (3)

Answer 34

1. Strong, permanent 2. Higher mineral density 3. Formed by different osteoblasts