Bones: Joints, Healing, Disorders Flashcards
Differences in male and female skeleton
Male:
- Narrow pelvis, tilted back
- Immovable coccyx
- Narrow, long sacrum
- Bones are thicker + heavier
- Markings are more pronounced
Female:
- Wide pelvis
- Movable coccyx
- Wider, shorter sacrum + more curvature
- Bones are thinner + lighter
- Markings are less pronounced
Synarthrotic Joints (4)
- Little or no movement
- No joint cavity
- Bone or fibrous cartilage between articulating surfaces
- Most abundant in axial skeleton
Synarthrotic Joint Examples (2)
- Fibrous: sutures
2. Cartilaginous: discs, symphysis, pubis
Diarthrotic Joints (8)
- Movement
- Joint cavity
- Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces
- Majority of joints
- Synovial membrane: secretes fluid
- Additional ligaments
- Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae
- Bursae: flat sacs filled with synovial fluid, lie outside of joint, act like ball bearings
Diarthrotic joint examples (6)
- Ball and socket: hip, shoulder
- Hinge: knee, elbow, fingers, toes
- Saddle: thumb
- Pivot: elbow, neck
- Gliding: carpals, tarsals, between ribs and vertebrae, shoulder
- Ellipsoid: wrist (radiocarpal)
Synovial joints (6)
- Ball and socket
- Hinge
- Saddle
- Ellipsoid
- Pivot
- Gliding
Ball and socket
Shoulder and hip joints
Hinge
Elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Saddle
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Ellipsoid
Radiocarpal/wrist joint
Pivot
Skull on atlas, odontoid process of 2nd cervical vertebrae
Gliding
Intercarpal joints
5 steps in fracture healing
- Stop the bleeding
- WBC’s go to damaged area
- Heal tissues
- Production of fiber bone
- Formation of lamellar bone
Factors that influence healing of a fracture (10)
- Vitamin deficiency
- Protein deficiency
- Anticoagulants
- Age
- Edema
- Temperature
- Foreign body reaction
- Recurrent trauma
- Bloody supply
- Infection
Sprain
Ligament damage: twisting or wrenching without complete dislocation, resulting in local inflammation and pain
Separation
Forcibly displaced joint injury (gliding)
Dislocation
Forcibly displaced joint injury (ball and socket/hinge joints)
Fracture
A break in a bone
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
Rickets
Disorder in children caused by insufficient calcium absorption due to a vitamin D deficiency and characterized by soft, bowed long bones
Achondroplasia
Form of short limbed dwarfism
Gout
Disorder caused by excessive uric acid in the blood. Uric acid crystallizes and deposits in joints resulting in localized pain
Osteitis deformans (Paget’s disease)
A disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue
Osteoarthritis
Occurs when flexible tissue at the end of bone wears down
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the soft tissue of the bone (marrow)
Osteoporosis
Common in old age, characterized by a decreased bone mass and a subsequent increased tendency to fracture caused by decreased levels of estrogen or calcium
Osteomalacia
The softening of bones that is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the diet
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease when joints become fused, connective tissue and cartilage is lost
- Stop the bleeding
This includes hematoma or edema
- White Blood Cells go to damages area (2)
- Destruction and reabsorption of damaged cells
2. Due to necrosis of tissue
- Heal Tissues (1)
- Periosteum and endosteum first
- Production of fiber bone (4)
- Temporary bridging structure, not suitable as a permanent structure
- Weaker, lower mineral density
- Lacks uniform 3D structure
- Produced by osteoblasts
- Formation of Lamellor Bone (3)
- Strong, permanent
- Higher mineral density
- Formed by different osteoblasts
