Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards
Principle and accessory organs…
Principle, bone; accessory, cartilage
Most abundant skeletal cartilage…
Hyaline Cartilage
Types of hyaline cartilage…
Articular (ends of long bones), Costal (connects ribs to sternum), Respiratory (larynx) and Nasal (nose)
Appositional Growth
Cells in perichondrium secrete matrix along peripheral cartilage surface (outward expansion)
Interstitial Growth
Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix (internal expansion)
Cells of cartilage…
Chondroblasts (matrix forming cells) and Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)
Calcification of cartilage occurs…
During normal bone growth and old age
Axial Skeleton includes…
Bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton includes…
Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
Functions of Skeletal System…
Support and protection of organs, framework for muscular movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation
Major minerals stored by skeletal system…
Calcium and phosphorous
Types of bone (examples)…
Long bone (humerus), flat bone (sternum), irregular bone (vertebrae), short bone (talus, carpal)
Yellow marrow is found…
Only in diaphysis of long bones, where it serves to absorb shock and store nutrients
Channel for nerves, veins and arteries…
Central cannal (aka. Haversian canal)
Periosteum is held to bone matrix by…
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Lamellae are…
Layers of bone matrix (extracellular material)
Spongey bone in flat bones (such as skull)…
Diploë
Structural units of bone…
Compact, osteon; spongey, trabeculae
Cavity in the diaphysis…
Medullary cavity
Where bone grows in length…
Epiphyseal plate
Red marrow is found…
In infants - medullary cavity and all areas of spongey bone
In adults - diploë of flat bones and head of the femur and humerus
Major cells of the skeleton…
Osteogenic cells (mitotic cells in periosteum and endosteum), Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), Osteocytes (mature bone cells) and Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells)
Organic and inorganic composition of skeleton…
(O:) Cells and Osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix), (I:) Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts, mainly calcium phosphates)
Channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to said canal…
Volkmann’s canals
Lacunae are…
Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi are…
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Ossification is described and classified as…
Process of bone tissue formation; Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification
Process of bone developing from a fibrous membrane…
Intramembranous ossification
Process of bone developing by replacement of modeling hyaline cartilage…
Endochondral ossification
Double-layered protective membrane comprised of a fibrous layer of dense, regular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer…
Periosteum
Delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone…
Endosteum
Osteomalacia
Bones inadequately mineralized, caused by insufficient calcium in diet or vitamin D defficiency
Rickets
Bones of children inadequately mineralized, caused by insufficent calcium in diet or vitamin D defficiency; characterized by deformities of pelvis, skull, rib cage and legs
Osteoporosis
Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, rendering bones extremely fragile
Paget’s Disease
Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown; eventual waning of osteoclast activity resulting in bone mass deformities localized in spine, pelvis, femur and skull
Examples of unmineralized bone matrix (osteiod)…
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Type of hyaline cartilage not covered by perichondrium…
Articular cartilage
