Block 34 Week 4 Flashcards
measuring w t1?
- measure HbA1c levels every 3 to 6 months in adults w T1DM
- target of 48mmol or lower
- offer a cont monitoring or a intermittently scanned cont glucose mnonitoring
self monitoring w t1?
- at least 4x a day
- before each meal and before bed
glucose aims w t1?
- a fasting plasma glucose level of 5 to 7mmol/litre on wakingand
- a plasma glucose level of 4 to 7mmol/litre before meals at other times of the day.
DKA initial management?
- isotonic saline for primary fluid replecemenr therapy - not given too rapidly except in cases of circulatory collapse
- iV insulin infusion
- potassium replacement therapy
first line in diabetics w HTN ?
ACEi - renoprotective effects
insulin regime of choice for t1?
- Offer multiple daily injection basal–bolus insulin regimens as the insulin injection regimen of choice for all adults with type1 diabetes
- Offer twice‑daily insulin detemir as basal insulin therapy for adults with type1 diabetes
primary care in diabetes Mx?
- services include regular monitoring, diabetic education, lifestyle advice, and medication management
- GPs, practice nurses, dietitians
secondary care in diabetes?
- more specialised
- diabetic clinics, endocrinology departments, MDTs - endocrinologists, diabetic specialist nurses, dietitians, podiatrists, and opthalmologists
- Secondary care offers more complex management, including insulin pump therapy, continuous glucose monitoring, and management of diabetic complications.
variation in diabetes services?
- urban areas have better accesse to specialised diabetes clinics
- higher levels of deprivation may exp higher level of diabetes - more deprived areas may have fewer resources for diabetes prevention and manageemnt
- variation in primary care capacity
what varies between regions?
- The presence of community-based diabetes support groups, educational programs, and lifestyle intervention services can vary between regions, impacting the level of support available to individuals living with diabetes and their families.
models of diabetes care - ICP?
- ICPs: collaboration between primary and secondary care providers to ensure seamless and co-ordinated care for individuals with diabetes
models of diabetes care - MDT approach?
- MDT approach: aim to address the complex needs of individuals with diabetes through a holistic and collaborative approach.
models of care - primary care led model?
- Primary care led model: involve regular monitoring, lifestyle advice, medication management, and coordination of referrals to specialist services as needed.
models of care - specialist diabetes centers?
- specialist diabetes centers: including advanced treatments, education programs, and support services.
- Specialist diabetes centers may provide outpatient clinics, inpatient care, and access to cutting-edge technologies for diabetes management.
UKPDS?
- the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have shown that tight BP control significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure.
- renal function - trials have shown that medications targeting the renin-angiotensin system (e.g., ACE inhibitors, ARBs) can delay the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
DCCT trial?
- reduction in microvascular complications: DCCT trial showed delayed onset and slowed progression of these complications
- CV risk reduction - While the evidence for cardiovascular risk reduction with glycemic control is less consistent compared to blood pressure control, some studies suggest that tight glycemic control may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events over the long term
DCCT - improved QOL?
- improved QOL - Better glycemic control is associated with improved quality of life, reduced symptoms of hyperglycemia (e.g., polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue), and decreased risk of acute complications,
Symptoms of T1D?
- Polyuria & polydipsia
- Weight loss
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
signs of T1D?
- Mild-moderate dehydration (dry skin, dry mucous membranes, reduced skin turgor)
- BMI < 25
DKA symptoms?
- Confusion
- Moderate-severe dehydration (sunken eyes, prolonged capillary refill time)
- Vomiting +/- diarrhoea
- Abdominal pain
- Decreased urine output
- Reduced GCS
- Coma
signs of DKA?
- Shock(tachycardia, hypotension)
- Kussmaul breathing(Deep sighing respiration)
autoab in T1D?
- Islet cell antibodies(ICA)
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD) antibodies - most common
- Insulin antibodies(IAA)
- IA-2 antibodies(target protein tyrosine phosphatase)
Which ppts should be investigated for pancreatic cancer?
Patients ≥60 years old presenting with weight loss and new-onset diabetes should be investigated for pancreatic cancer (e.g. CT/MRI imaging of the pancreas).
insulin regimes - basal-bolus?
- Basal-bolus regime:typically involves the use of rapid- or short-acting insulin before meals and a long-acting preparation for basal requirements.
- This regime is thought to best mimic the physiological function of the pancreas in response to meals and provides better flexibility in control of blood glucose
- It is the standard approach for patients newly diagnosed with T1DM.