Block 34 Week 2 Flashcards
advantages of renal transplantation?
- removes burden of life long dialysis
- improves renal clearance - dialysis only provides GFR of around 10ml/min
- improves life expectancy
+ of transplantation - renal clearance?
- improves renal clearance - dialysis only provides GFR of around 10ml/min
disadvantages of renal transplantation?
- sig perioperative mortality risk - largely cardiovascular mortality or sepsis
- 2% of perioperative mortality
- new onset post transplant diabetes (NODAT) - 10-20%
- assoc w sig inc risk of graft loss and early death
disadvantages of renal transplantation - immune related?
- lifelong burden of immunosuppression
- risk opportunistic infections - espec viral, pneumocystitis
- cancer risk - non-melanoma skin cancer, cervical, lymphoma
absolute CI for renal transplants?
- active infections
- active cancer - wait 2-5 yrs following cure
- active drug misuse
- uncontrolled major psychiatric disease that would disrupt ability to take meds
- active non-concordance w treatment
- short life expectancy - under 5 yrs
organ transplantation is governed by?
- Human Tissues Act 2004
- main change to prev legistlation - facilitated live donor transplantation between unrelated ppl
Human tissues act 2004?
- regulates activities concerning the removal, storage, use and disposal of human tissue
- consent is the fundamental principle
key points of the HTA?
- Reg storage, removal and use of human tissues
- makes it lawful to take minimum steps to preserve the organs of a deceased person for use in transplantation while steps are taken to determine the wishes of the deceased
offences under the HTA?
- removing storring or using human tissue without consent
- storing or using donated tissue for a scheduled purpose for something else
- trafficiking in human tissue for transplant purposes
types of transplants from cadaveric donors?
- heart beating - DBD
- non-heart beating - DCD
heart beating (DBD) transplant?
- heart beating (DBD) - donation after brain death. Traditionally the more common one
non heart beating donation?
- non-heart beating (DCD) - donation after cardiac death, organs no longer perfused at the time of transplantation
main diff between heart beating and non heart beating transplants?
- main difference between DBD and DCD is that in DBD the kidneys are still perfused at the time of retrieval but aren’t in DCD
- With DCD youre more likely to get delayed graft function which means that the kidneys dont intially work on implantation
changes in donation overtime?
- increase in donations from living donors over time up until 2014/2015 and then has tailed off - may be due to increased risk in end stage CKD in live donors
- DBD donors stayed the same
- DCD increased
live donors?
- related - blood or emotional relation
- unrelated
- paired or pooled donor - organs exchanged between pairs to overcome incompatibility to obtain best immunological match
- altruistic donor - person donates to anyone
how are live donations done?
- in paired or pooled transplants the organs are exchanged between donor-recepient pairs to overcome blood group or HLA incompatibility
blood groups
the independent assessor?
- All donors and organ recipients are required to see an Independent Assessor (lA) who is trained and accredited by the HTA.
- The lA interviews the donor and recipient both separately and together on our behalf and is independent of the healthcare teams who are involved with the medical parts of the process.
independent assessor interviews?
- The purpose of the interviews is to ensure that donors are not forced to do something against their wishes, to ensure that no reward has been sought or offered and to ensure that the donor has the capacity to make an informed decision.
- Donors and recipients will be asked to bring along proof of their identity and proof of their relationship.
- It is a criminal offence to carry out a transplant operation between two living people if the conditions of the HT Act are not met.
blood supply for the transplanted kidney?
- blood supply for the transplanted kidney is usually from the external iliac artery and vein usually, into the iliac fossa
- only the upper 1/3 of the ureter can be implanted when the kidney is transplanted bc its supplied by the renal artery
types of organ rejection?
- hyperacute rejection: blood group incompatbility
- acute rejection or chronic rejection MHC antigens
what is the MHC?
- genes coding for HLA, inherited
Class 1 HLA?
- Class I antigens (HLA-A, B, Cw) - expressed on all nucleated cells
Class II HLA?
- Class ll antigens (HLA-DR, DQ, DP) - expressed on antigen presenting cells, B lymphocytes and activated T cells
- can also be expressed on endothelial cells of BVs especially in the kidney