Block 32 Week 2 Flashcards
appendicular skeleton?
- upper limbs
- pectoral girdle
- lower limbs
- pelvic girdle
axial skeleton?
- skull
- VC
- thoracic cage
the skeleton is the ? most common to be affected by mets
- 3rd most common to be affecetd by mets after lung and liver
primary tumours that mets to bone?
- prostate
- breast
- lung
- kidney
- myeloma - bone is the primary
presentation of bone mets?
- asymptomatic
- pain
- pathological fracture espec if bone cortex affected
- spinal cord compresssion
- hypercalcemia (but the primary cause of this is tumour related PTH secretion)
acrometastases?
- acrometastases = distal to elbow and knee (rare)
- usually from kidneys and lungs
what is a lytic mets?
- if osteoclast activity predominates, there will be lytic metastases
- lytic mets: higher fracture rate but occurs w both.
osteoclerotic mets?
if osteoblast activity predominates, there will be disorganised ossification
which cancers cause lytic type mets?
- mutiple myeloma
- thyroid cancer
- renal cell cancer
- melanoma
which cancers cause sclerotic type mets?
- prostate
- breast
- mucinous cancer of the bowel
Which cancers cause mixed-sclerotic and lytic type mets?
- lung cancer
- bladder cancer
management - investigation?
- FBC
- bone related ALP
- kidney function and liver enzymes
- PSA - ruling out PC
- paraproteins - suggests multiple myeloma
urine testing for bone mets?
- proteins - Bence Jones - MM
bence jones proteins in urine?
- sign of MM (plasma cell cancer) or malignant lymphomas
DDs of bone mets?
- primary bone tumour - benign/ malignant
- bone islands
- osteomyelitis
- paget’s disease
inc uptake in bone scans suggests?
- inc uptake in scans (Widespread) suggests metastasis - more useful in sclerotic type of mets
pain ladder - step 1
- 1 - paracetamol and anti-inflammatories
pain ladder step 2?
- 2 - weak opiods: codeine and tramadol
pain ladder step 3?
- 3 - stronger opiods: morphine and oxycodone, fentanyl
managing bone pain?
- bisphosphonates: zolindronic acid (IV)
- radiotherapy
side effects of paracetamol?
hepatotoxic
anti-inflammatories like diclofenac side effects?
renal function, gastritis
opiods side effects?
constipation, nausea, drowsiness, confusion
bisphosphonates side effects?
nephortoxic and jaw necrosis - ulcers in the mandible and maxilla