Block 34 PPT Flashcards
AKI - actions?
- Optimise intra-vascular fluid volume - IV fluids
- Optimise Blood Pressure
- Withholding drugs that interfere with renal autoregulation (ACEIs, ARBs)
- Temporary cessation of all drugs that induce hypotension (antihypertensives)
DAMN AKI?
- (diuretics, ACEi/ ARBs, metformin, NSAIDs)
drugs requiring dose reduction or cessation in AKI?
- All medications that are metabolized and excreted by the kidneys should be dose adjusted for an assumed eGFR of < 10 mL/min/1.73m2
- fractionated heparins
- opiates
- penicillin-based antibiotics
- sulfonylurea-based hypoglycaemic drugs
- aciclovir
- metformin
Drugs interfering w renal perfusion?
- ACEi
- ARBs
- NSAIDs
drugs requiring close monitoring w renal function?
- warfarin
- aminoglycosides - gentamicin, tobramycin
- lithium
drugs aggrevating hyperkalaemia?
- trimethoprim
- spironolactone
- amiloride
CKD prescribing?
- The kidneys provide the major route of elimination for water-soluble drugs and water-soluble metabolites
- Loading doses do not usually require any modification
side effects of gentamicin?
*Damage to the cochlear and vestibular apparatus - loss of balance, tinnitus, loss of hearing.
*May cause renal damage - risk of nephrotoxicity is increased with prolonged treatment.
use of gentamicin w ? diuretics increases risk of
*Use with ototoxic diuretics, e.g. furosemide, may increase risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
gentamicin metabolism?
- given IV
- hydrophilic - not distrubuted into body fat and minimally disrubted into tissue fluids
- follows first order kinetics - drug is cleared from blood at a rate proportional to its concentration
gentamicin is excreted unmodified by the ?
- gentamicin is excreted unmodified from the kidneys
- After a dose, level in the blood decays exponentially.
Acute kidney injury is often preventable by:
- Avoiding nephrotoxic medications where appropriate
- Ensuring adequate fluid intake (including IV fluids if oral intake is inadequate)
- Additional fluids before and after radiocontrast agents
Treating AKI involves…
- reversing cause and supportive management
- e.g. IV fluids for dehydration/ hypovol
- relive obstruction in post renal - e.g. catheter
Other Tx methods in AKI?
- Withhold medicationsthat mayworsen the condition(e.g., NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors)
- Withhold/adjust medicationsthat mayaccumulatewith reduced renal function (e.g., metformin and opiates)
- Dialysismay be required in severe cases
Why do ACEi need to be stopped in AKI?
- ACEi are not nephrotoxic
- they are stopped in AKI as they reduce filtration pressure
- but ACEi have a protective effect on the kidneys long term
ACEi are offered to ppts w?
HTN, diabetes, CKD to prevent further damage
Most common cause of AKI
ATN
What happens in ATN
- Necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells severely affects the functioning of the kidney.
- In the early stages ATN is reversible if the cause if removed.
Causes of ATN?
- caused by ischaemia and nephrotoxins: aminoglycosides, radiocontrast agents, lead
Features of ATN?
- features of AKI: raised urea, creatinine, potassium
- muddy brown casts in the urine
AIN?
- 25% of drug induced AKI
- drugs: the most common cause, particularly antibiotics
Drugs causing AKI?
- penicillin
- rifampicin
- NSAIDs
- allopurinol
- furosemide
Treating underlying cause of CKD?
- Optimising diabetic control
- Optimising hypertension control
- Reducing or avoiding nephrotoxic drugs
- Treating glomerulonephritis (where this is the cause)
medications that help slow progression of CKD
- ACE inhibitors(orangiotensin II receptor blockers)
- SGLT-2 inhibitors(specificallydapagliflozin)