Bladder Cancer Flashcards
What are the 2 types of bladder cancer?
- Transitional cell carcinoma (90%)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (5%)
What is the main type of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell cancer
What are the main causes of transitional cell carcinoma?
Smoking
Aniline dyes
Hydrocarbons
What are the main causes of squamous cell carcinoma?
Smoking
Schistosomiasis
Cyclophosphamide (pioglitazone)
What are the most common symptoms of bladder cancer?
Painless haematuria
Weight loss
Dysuria (painful peeing)
What are other possible symptoms of bladder cnacer?
- Possible lower abdominal pain
- Recurrent UTI symptoms (burning when urinating)
How is bladder cancer diagnosed?
- Flexible cystoscopy and biopsy
- Possible CT urogram
What is the management of bladder cancer if it is superficial?
- TURBT- Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour if stage 1 tumour
- Intravesical chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy- BCG vaccination
What is the management of bladder cancer if it is muscle invasive and the patient is over 70 years old?
- Radiotherapy
What is the management if the bladder cancer metastasises?
Systemic chemotherapy
What is an example presentation of bladder cancer which should be referred in 2 weeks?
A patient >= 60 years of age with unexplained non-visible haematuria and either dysuria or a raised white cell count on a blood test
Where does transitional cell carcinoma occur?
In both the bladder and ureters
Are males or females more commonly affected by bladder cancer?
Males (3:1)
What is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer?
SMOKING
What would you look for on urinanalysis of someone with suspected bladder cancer?
Haematuria
