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Bio > biotechnology + genetic modification > Flashcards

biotechnology + genetic modification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are bacteria useful in biotechnology + genetic modification

A
  • rapid reproduction rate
  • ability to make complex molecules
  • few ethical concerns over their manipulation + growth
  • the presence of plasmids
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2
Q

2 ways anaerobic respiration of yeast is used

A
  • bread making
  • biofuel production
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3
Q

how is yeast used in bread making

A

the yeast respires anaerobically and the co2 forms bubbles making the dough rise, the microbe is killed while the bread bakes at high temperature

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4
Q

how is yeast used in biofuel production

A
  • during anaerobic respiration of yeast ethanol is
    produced
  • this ethanol can be purified and used as a fuel
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5
Q

what is used in fruit juice production

A

pectinase

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6
Q

how is pectinase used in fruit juice production

A
  • breaks down pectin found in plant cell wall
  • then it is easier to break down cell wall + more
    juice can be squeezed
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7
Q

how does biological washing powder work

A
  • enzymes in it remove tough stains
  • protease: proteins to amino acids in blood + egg
    stains
  • lipase: fats to fatty acids + glycerol in oil stains
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8
Q

use of lactase

A

produce lactose-free milk

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9
Q

how is lactase used to produce lactose-free milk

A

lactose is broken down into soluble sugars which are absorbed by intestines without symptoms

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10
Q

insulin production

A
  • bacteria is genetically modified to produce the human insulin gene
  • the bacteria is grown in a fermenter
  • insulin is removed + purified to treat diabetes patients
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11
Q

what produces penicillin

A

a fungus called penicillium

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12
Q

penicillin + mycoprotein production

A
  • large fermenters are used
  • collected + purified
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13
Q

conditions to be controlled in fermenter

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • oxygen
  • nutrient supply
  • waste products
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14
Q

temperature

A
  • monitored using sensors
  • must be maintained to provide optimum conditions for enzymes
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15
Q

pH

A

monitored using sensors to provide optimum pH for growth of microbes

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16
Q

oxygen

A

air blown through fermenter as it is needed for respiration

17
Q

nutrient supply

A
  • needed for respiration + growth
  • sugar-based products are added as a carb source
  • urea/ammonia is added as a nitrogen source
18
Q

waste products

A

accumulation will inhibit growth of microbes so it is removed from fermenter

19
Q

genetic modification

A

changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes

20
Q

the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example

A
  • isolate DNA from a human gene using restriction
    enzyme + forming sticky ends
  • cut bacterial plasmid DNA with same restriction
    enzymes + forming complementary sticky ends
  • insert human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA
    using DNA ligase to form recombinant plasmid
  • insert recombinant plasmid into bacteria
  • bacteria containing recombinant plasmid multiply
  • the human gene to make the human protein is
    expressed in the bacteria
21
Q

4 examples of genetic modification

A
  • insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce
    human proteins
  • insertion of genes into crop plants to give
    resistance to herbicides
  • insertion of genes into crop plants to give
    resistance to insect pests
  • insertion of genes into crop plants to improve
    nutritional qualities
22
Q

advantages of genetically modifying crops

A

reduced use of herbicides + pesticides
- less environmental damage
- cheaper for farmers
increased yield
- not competing with weeds
- mot suffering from pest damage

23
Q

disadvantages of genetically modifying crops

A
  • increased cost of seeds as GM seed development
    is high cost
  • risk of inserted gene transferred to wild by
    pollination which can reduce usefulness if weeds
    gain gene that makes them herbicide-resistant
  • increased dependency on certain chemicals such
    as herbicides that crops are resistant to -
    produced by same company as GM seeds +
    expensive
  • reduced biodiversity as herbicides are used, this
    can impact insects

Bio (26 decks)

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