animal transport Flashcards
circulatory system
system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one way flow of blood
single circulation of fish
- blood is pumped from heart to gills where it gets oxygenated
- distributes oxygen to internal organs
- returns to heart with CO2
- heart pumps it to gills where CO2 is lost
it’s called single circulation because
blood passes though the heart once
double circulation of mammals
- blood pumped from heart to lungs (right)
- oxygenated blood enters left side and is pumped to rest of body
it’s called double circulation because
blood passes through the heart twice
advantages of double circulation
- no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- maintains 2 pressure circulation (low in pulmonary + high in systematic) so blood is transported efficiently
blood is carried away from heart in
arteries
blood is carried to heart in
veins
ways to monitor heart activity
- ECG
- measuring pulse
- listening to valves closing
coronary heart disease
blockage in coronary artery due to build up of fats on artery walls
vessel that supplies heart with oxygen
coronary arteries
6 risk factors of CHD
- diet (high fat intake)
- sex
- genetic predisposition)
- smoking (nicotine encourages fat deposition)
- stress (adrenaline hormone constricts artery walls)
- lack of exercise
role of diet + exercise in reducing CHD risk
- too much fat intake can make it build up on artery walls causing occlusion
- reduce intake of fats to reduce risk
- since heart is like any muscle exercise will maintain its health
- increasing exercise also reduces risk
thickness of left and right ventricle walls
- left wall has thicker muscle because it has to pump blood to whole body at high pressure
- right side has to pump to the nearby lungs only
thickness of atria compared to ventricles
- atria need to only pump blood to the below ventricles so its thin
- ventricles need to pump blood further so they’re thicker
importance of septum
separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (prevents mixing)
functioning of heart
- walls of the atria contract
- passes into ventricles through atrioventricular valves
- ventricles contract
- deoxy is forced out of r.ventricle and goes to lungs through pulmonary artery + at same time oxy blood is forced out of l.ventricle + to body through aorta
- atria relax +draw fresh blood on both sides
- ventricles relax to receive from atrias
effect of exercise on heart rate
- increased CO2 in blood is detected by brain
- stimulates heart to beat faster to remove CO2
arteries features
- from heart
- thick muscular walls + small lumen
- high pressure
- no valves
- carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
veins features
- to heart
- thin walls + wide lumen
- low pressure
- semilunar valves
- carry deoxy blood (except pulmonary)
capillary features
- arteries to veins
- one cell thick walls where RBC travel in single file
- pressure rises then gradually falls
- no valves
- loses oxygen or gains it in lungs
functions of capillaries
- allows tissue fluid to leak through walls + bathe cells supplying with oxygen + glucose etc.
components of blood
- plasma
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
phagocyte function
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
phagocytes move towards bacteria marked by antibodies from lymphocytes and engulf + digest them
lymphocyte function
antibody production
lymphocyte phagocyte differences
- phagos have lobed nucleus lymphos have large nucleus
- phagos have granular cytoplasm lymphos don’t
role of plasma
transport substances throughout body
role of platelets in clotting
plugs in gaps caused by damage and triggers clotting
blood clotting
fibrinogen gets converted to fibrin which forms a mesh
importance of clotting
- prevents blood loss
- prevents pathogens
