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coordination and response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

electrical impulses are carried by

A

neurones

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2
Q

two parts of mammalian nervous system + description

A
  • central n.s (CNS): brain + spinal cord
  • peripheral n.s (PNS): network of nerves that lie outside CNS
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3
Q

role of nervous system

A

coordination + regulation of bodily functions

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4
Q

sensory neurone

A

sense organ to CNS

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5
Q

relay neurone

A

make connection between sensory and motor in CNS

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6
Q

motor neurone

A

CNS to effector organ

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7
Q

reflex arc

A

*path travelled by impulse to bring action
- stimuli detected by receptors
- carried as impulse from sensory to relay in CNS
- to motor across another synapse
- motor transmits to effector organ
- response occurs

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8
Q

reflex action

A

automated response to a stimulus

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9
Q

synapse

A

junction between two neurons

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10
Q

synapse vesicles hold

A

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

neurotransmitters bind to

A

receptor proteins

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12
Q

events at synapse

A
  • impulse triggers vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  • vesicles release neurotransmitters into gap
  • n.t diffuse bind to complementary receptor proteins on postsynaptic membrane
  • impulse triggered on post.s neurone
  • n.t broken down by enzymes
  • mitochondria provides energy to reform them
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13
Q

sense organ

A

group of receptor cells responding to a specific stimuli

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14
Q

cornea

A

refracts light

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15
Q

iris

A

controls how much light enters

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16
Q

lens

A

focuses light on retina

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17
Q

retina

A

light sensitive layer w. receptor cells

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18
Q

optic nerve

A

carry impulse to brain

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19
Q

pupil in bright light + muscles involved

A
  • circular muscles contracts
  • radial muscles relax
  • constricts
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20
Q

pupil in dim light + muscles involved

A
  • circular muscles relax
  • radial muscles contract
  • dilates
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21
Q

viewing distant objects

A
  • suspensory ligaments contracts
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • lens gets thinner
  • less refraction
22
Q

viewing near objects

A
  • suspensory ligaments relax
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • lens gets fatter
  • more refraction
23
Q

rods

A
  • night vision
  • light sensitive
24
Q

cones

A
  • color vision (RGB)
  • more than rods at fovea
  • sharper image
25
Q

blind spot

A

no rods or cones

26
Q

hormone

A

chemical substance produced by endocrine glands + carried by blood + alter the activity of one or more target organs

27
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenaline

28
Q

pancreas

A

insulin + glucagon

29
Q

ovary

A

estrogen

30
Q

testes

A

testosterone

31
Q

adrenaline is

A

secreted during “fight or flight” situations

32
Q

effects of adrenaline during fight or flight

A

increased:
- breathing rate
- heart rate
- pupils dilate

33
Q

adrenaline can also increase

A
  • blood glucose con.
  • heart rate
34
Q

differences of nervous and hormonal

A
  • hormonal has lasting effect, nervous has short-lived
  • hormonal has delayed response, nervous has quick response
35
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

36
Q

insulin function

A

decrease blood glucose con.

37
Q

negative feedback is

A

keeping in range, control kuranee

38
Q

when blood glucose high

A

insulin brings level back to normal, influences:
- glucose converted in liver to glycogen

39
Q

when blood glucose low

A

glucagon brings level back to normal, influences:
- stored glycogen converted to glucose and released into blood

40
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

regular insulin injections

41
Q

overheating

A
  • vasodilation
  • sweating
  • erector muscles relax
42
Q

overcooling

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • shivering
  • erector muscles contract
  • reduced sweating
43
Q

vasoconstriction

A
  • blood vessels in dermis constrict
  • less warm blood flows near surface
  • less heat lost by conduction + convection + radiation
44
Q

sweating

A

sweat evaporates taking latent heat so body cools

45
Q

erector muscles relax

A

hairs lie flat and can’t trap air layer so heat lost

46
Q

shivering

A

contractions in muscles and limbs generate heat

47
Q

erector muscles contract

A

hair stands upright trapping layer of air which is bad conductor

48
Q

gravitropism

A

response where plants grow toward / away from gravity

49
Q

phototropism

A

response where plants grow toward / away from direction from which light is coming

50
Q

auxin in phototropism

A
  • made in tip of the shoot
  • accumulates on dark side
  • stimulates cell growth on dark side so grows faster
  • tip points toward light
51
Q

auxin gravitropism

A
  • made in tip of the root
  • accumulates on horizontal lower
  • slows cell growth on that side
  • tip points toward gravity

Bio (22 decks)

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