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aminal nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

balanced diet

A

a diet that provides all the necessary nutrients in their required amounts

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2
Q

carbohydrates

A

starch: potatoes, cassava, cereal
sugars: fruits, cane, honey
- contain energy which is released in cells as they are broken down in respiration

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3
Q

fats

A
  • provide more energy than carbs + stored under skin and around kidneys
  • fat meat, dairy foods, nuts
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4
Q

proteins

A
  • growth and repair + make up muscle
  • meat, egg white, fish
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5
Q

vitamin c

A
  • healthy gums + skin repair
  • citrus fruits, fresh cabbage
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6
Q

vitamin d

A
  • uptake of calcium + bone formation
  • sunlight, fish liver
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7
Q

calcium

A
  • healthy bones and teeth + muscle action
  • milk, flour
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8
Q

iron

A
  • for haemoglobin (oxygen carrying pigment in RBC)
  • red meat, spinach
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9
Q

fibre

A
  • forms bulk in intestines, preventing constipation
  • fruit, vegetables
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10
Q

water

A
  • medium of all chemical reactions + cools body
  • all food, drinks
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11
Q

vitamin c deficiency

A

scurvy: bleeding gums + wounds do not heal properly

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12
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

rickets: bow legs or knock knees because growing bones become soft + fractures for older people (because no calcium uptake)

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13
Q

ingestion

A

taking in of substances into the body through the mouth

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14
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical process

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15
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chopping and grinding food using teeth and muscular churning of food in the stomach

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16
Q

chemical digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones using enzymes

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17
Q

absorption

A

movement of small food molecules and ions into the blood through the walls of the intestines

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18
Q

assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules into cells where they are used becoming part of the cells

19
Q

egestion

A

passing out food that has not been digested or absorbed through the anus

20
Q

mouth

A
  • teeth mechanically digest food
  • salivary glands release saliva with amylase which digests starch
  • tongue rolls the food into a bolus
21
Q

oesophagus

A

waves of muscular contractions (peristalsis) push bolus to the stomach

22
Q

stomach

A

churns food + walls release gastric juice containing
- enzyme pepsin (protein to polypeptides)
- hydrochloric acid (optimum pH for pepsin to digest protein + kill pathogens)

23
Q

duodenum

A

receives bile
pancreatic juice
walls release intestinal juice containing:
- maltase (maltose to glucose)
- protease (polypeptides to amino acids)
- lipase (fat to fatty acid + glycerol)

24
Q

pancreas

A

pancreatic juice containing:
- amylase (remaining starch to maltose)
- lipase (fat to fatty acid + glycerol)
- trypsin (remaining protein to polypeptides)

25
Q

liver

A

produces bile which:
- emulsifies fat (increase surface area for enzyme to operate)
- neutralises acidic chyme so enzymes can work

26
Q

ileum

A

where most of digested food is absorbed + most water too

27
Q

features of ileum

A
  • about 6m long
  • folded walls
  • walls have microscopic finger-like projections called villi
28
Q

villi adaptations

A
  • very thin walled so
  • blood capillaries just beneath walls
  • special structures (lacteals) to absorb fatty acids and glycerol
  • numerous so large surface area
  • can move
29
Q

colon

A

where water is absorbed

30
Q

rectum

A

muscular chamber where undigested food is stored before being pushed out of anus

31
Q

anus

A

closed by a ring of muscle (anal sphincter) which is relaxed during egestion

32
Q

glucose + amino acids after absorption

A

carried by a blood vessel called the hepatic portal directly to liver for first stage of treatment in body

33
Q

fats after absorption

A

travel in the lymphatic system, bypassing the liver and enter the circulatory system through a vein at the neck

34
Q

four types of teeth

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • pre-molars
  • molars
35
Q

incisors function

A

biting + cutting

36
Q

canine function

A

biting + cutting/tearing

37
Q

pre-molar function

A

crushing + grinding

38
Q

molar function

A

crushing + grinding

39
Q

enamel

A

hardest substance in human body

40
Q

dentine

A

living part of the tooth + similar to bone

41
Q

pulp cavity

A

contains nerves + blood vessels

42
Q

cement

A

holds tooth in socket + allows little movement, preventing damage when chewing hard substances

43
Q

gums

A

soft tissue that surrounds + protects jawbone + roots of teeth

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