Biology pt. 2 Flashcards
Structures found in prokaryotic cells:
Nucleoid containing DNA
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Simple sugars are known as:
Monosaccharides
Disacchardies:
Carbs composed of 2 monosaccharides
Structure of a cell that is tiny-finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increases surface area?
Microvilli
Hollow, fibrous shafts whose main function is to help support and give shape to the cell:
Microtubules
What makes the polysaccharide known as glycogen?
Animals
What makes the polysaccharide known as cellulose?
Plants
Guanine-Cytosine has ____ hydrogen bonds.
Adenine-Thymine has ____ hydrogen bonds.
3
2
What is the liquid found inside the cell?
Cytosol
Fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane:
Cytoplasm
Thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton that are found in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells:
Microfilaments
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
What are the raw materials of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
Population in biology:
Members of a species in an area
Community in biology:
Sum of populations in an area
Biological organization (lowest to highest level):
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere
Raw materials of photosynthesis:
Water, carbon dioxide, and minerals
Products of photosynthesis:
Sugar (glucose) and oxygen
Bound ribosomes:
Attached to the ER
Free ribosomes:
Found in cytoplasm
Rough ER:
Responsible for protein synthesis and membrane function
Smooth ER:
Lacks ribosomes, responsible for detoxification and metabolism of molecules
Golgi apparatus:
Packaging, processing, and shipping organelle that transports proteins from the ER throughout the cell
Lysosomes:
- Site of intracellular digestion
- Hydrolyzes fats, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids
2 catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production:
Cellular respiration (aerobic) and fermentation (anaerobic)
Where does glycolysis occur?
What does it produce?
Cytosol
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
Where does Citric acid/ Kreb’s cycle occur?
What does it produce?
Matrix of mitochondria
2 ATP, 6 CO2, 6 NADH
Site of photosynthesis:
Chloroplasts
What kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA?
Covalent
3 steroids:
Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
Densest form of water:
Liquid
What is the longest phase in the life of a cell?
Interphase
Which cell type has no nucleus?
RBC
What is the most general taxomic category?
Kingdom
All living organisms on earth utilize:
Triplet genetic code/codons
During the S phase in the interphase stage of mitosis, what event is occurring?
Rapid DNA replication
How is the most amount of energy released from ATP?
When one phosphate group breaks off of ATP to form ADP and free phosphate
Transcription makes:
mRNA
Translation makes:
tRNA
Light reaction:
Cell absorbs light and uses the light energy to split a water molecule and transfer the electron, producing ATP and NADPH
Calvin Cycle:
2nd stage of photosynthesis where NADPH and ATP produced by light reactions are used to produce sugar
Pinching off in animal cells:
Cleavage furrow
Pinching off in plant cells:
Cell plate
Chromosomes are duplicated in interphase to:
46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
Mitosis makes:
Identical body and skin cells
Cytokinesis makes:
46 chromosomes, 46 chromatids
What happens in meiosis 1?
Chromosomes match up with homologous pair to transfer DNA through crossing over/recombination
Meiosis 2 does?
Separates into single chromosomes
Pathway of mRNA?
DNA-> outside of nucleus-> ribosome-> cytosol or rough ER
Start codon:
AUG- methionine
