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HESI > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Biology hierarchic organizational system in order from most inclusive to most restrictive category:

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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2
Q

Steps of the scientific method:

A
  1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Conclusion
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3
Q

Observation:

A

New observations are made/previous data are studied

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4
Q

Hypothesis:

A

Statement or explanation of certain events or happenings

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5
Q

Experiment:

A

Repeatable procedure of gathering data to support or refute the hypothesis

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6
Q

Conclusion:

A

Data is explained

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7
Q

Most significant aspect of water:

A

The polarity of its bonds that allow for hydrogen bonding between molecules

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8
Q

Specific heat:

A

Amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 degree Celsius

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9
Q

Why is polarity the most important characteristic of water?

A

The results of the polarity are hydrogen bonding, a high specific heat value, versatile solvent, strong adhesive and cohesiveness properties, and temperature moderation ability

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10
Q

Of all the molecules that are significant to biology, which of the following are considered the most important?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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11
Q

Structure of carbohydrates:

A

Long chains, or polymers, of sugars

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12
Q

Function of carbohydrates:

A

-Storage, structure, and energy -Form the backbone of DNA and RNA

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13
Q

3 lipids:

A

Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

2 fatty acids:

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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15
Q

Saturated fats:

A

-Contain no double bonds -SOLID

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16
Q

Unsaturated fats:

A

-Contain one or more double bonds -LIQUID at room temperature

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17
Q

Phospholipids:

A
  • Consist of 2 fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate group
  • Amiphipathic (hydrophillic and lipophillic)
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18
Q

How do phospholipids play a role in the cell membrane?

A

Their structure creates a barrier that protects the cell

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19
Q

Phospholipid structure:

A

-Phosphate group is charged and polar while the hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acids is non-soluble

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20
Q

Steroids:

A

Precursors to significant hormones and drugs

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21
Q

Most significant contributor to cellular function:

A

Proteins

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22
Q

Amino acids:

A

Polymers of 20 molecules

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23
Q

DNA

A

Unique molecule specific to a particular organism that contains code necessary for replication

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24
Q

RNA

A

Used to transfer info from DNA to protein level and as a messenger of the genetic code

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25
Q

Metabolic pathway:

A

Reactions that take place from high energy to low energy

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26
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

A

-Lack a nucleus -Do not contain membrane-bound organelles -Replicate via binary fission

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27
Q

Eukaryotic cells:

A

-Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and contain membrane-bound organelles -Replicate via mitosis

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28
Q

Nucleus:

A

Contains DNA of the cells in chromosomes

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29
Q

Chromosomes:

A

Contain all the genetic info that stores instructions for the function of the cell

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30
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Read RNA and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins

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31
Q

Bound ribosomes are found:

A

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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32
Q

Free ribosomes are found:

A

In the cytoplasm

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33
Q

Rough ER:

A

Responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production

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34
Q

Smooth ER:

A

-Lacks ribosomes -Responsible for detoxification and metabolism of molecules

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35
Q

Golgi apparatus:

A

Packaging, processing, and shipping organelle that transports proteins from the ER throughout the cell

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36
Q

Lysosomes:

A

-Where intracellular digestion takes place -Hydrolyzes proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids

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37
Q

Vacuoles:

A

Sacs used to phagocytose food and waste disposal

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38
Q

Plant vacuoles function as:

A

Storage, waste disposal, protection, and hydrolysis

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39
Q

2 organelles that produce cell energy:

A

Mitochondrion and chloroplasts

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40
Q

Mitochondria:

A

-Found in eukaryotic cells -Site of cellular respiration/ generating ATP

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41
Q

Chloroplasts:

A

-Found in plants -Site of photosynthesis

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42
Q

Most important component of the cells:

A

Cellular membrane

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43
Q

Cellular membrane:

A

Contributes to protection, communication, and passage of substances into and out of the cell

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44
Q

Cell membrane consists of:

A

Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins throughout

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45
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism is:

A

Metabolism

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46
Q

Two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production are:

A

Cellular respiration (aerobic) and fermentation (anaerobic)

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47
Q

Glycolysis:

Where does it take place?

A
  • Anaerobic process
  • Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
  • Takes place in the cytosol of the cell
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48
Q

Glycolysis produces:

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

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49
Q

Citric acid cycle/ Kreb’s:

Where does it take place?

A
  • Aerobic process
  • Pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion
  • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
50
Q

Citric acid cycle/ Kreb’s produces:

A

2 ATP, 6 carbon dioxide, 6 NADH

51
Q

Electron transport chain:

A
  • Aerobic process
  • Oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water
52
Q

Electron transport chain produces:

A

28-32 ATP

53
Q

Overall number of ATP produced in glycolysis, Kreb’s, ETC:

A

32-36 ATP

54
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis:

A

Light reaction and Calvin cycle

55
Q

Light reactions:

A

Those that convert solar energy to chemical energy

56
Q

All metabolic reactions in a cell are catalyzed by?

A

Enzymes

57
Q

Phenotype:

A

What traits will be expressed (e.g. brown hair, blonde hair, red hair)

58
Q

Genotype:

A

The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g. bb, Bb, or BB)

59
Q

Calvin cycle:

A

Second stage of photosynthesis where NADH and ATP produced by light reactions are used to produce sugar.

60
Q

Covalent bonds:

A

Attach the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom in a molecule of water

61
Q

Hydrogen bonds:

A

Are what connect water molecules to other molecules

62
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

Light energy is captured and used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar through light reactions and the calvin cycle

63
Q

Process of a light reaction:

A

The cell absorbs the light and uses the light energy to split a water molecule and transfer the electron, producing NADPH and ATP

64
Q

Binary fission:

A

Process by which bacteria (prokaryotes) replicate.

The chromosome binds to the plasma membrane, where it replicates. As the cell grows, it pinches in two, producing two identical cells.

65
Q

2 types of asexual reproduction:

A

Binary fission and mitosis

66
Q

5 stages of mitosis:

A

Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

67
Q

Interphase:

A

Phase the cell is in before meiosis and meiosis start. Chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division. The chromosomes are uncondensed.

68
Q

Prophase:

A

Chromosomes are visibly separate with each duplicated chromosome having two sister chromatids.

69
Q

Prometaphase:

A

Nuclear envelope begins to disappear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the growing spindle.

70
Q

Metaphase:

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate.

71
Q

Anaphase:

A

The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart. The separated chromatids are now each considered individual chromosomes.

72
Q

Telophase:

A

The chromosomes gather on each side of the cell as it begins to pinch.

73
Q

Pinching off in animal cells:

A

Cleavage furrow

74
Q

Pinching off in plant cells:

A

Cell plate

75
Q

Cytokinesis:

A

After mitosis is complete, the cell divides in two, producing two identical daughter cells (46 chromosomes, 46 chromotids each daughter cell)

After meiosis is complete, the cell divides in 4, producing 4 unique cells (23 chromosomes, 23 chromotids each cell)

76
Q

In asexual reproduction:

A

The offspring originates from a single cell-> all cells produced to be identical

77
Q

In sexual reproduction:

A

Two cells contribute genetic material to daughter cells -> resulting in a greater variation of cells

78
Q

Mitosis:

A
  • Responsible for growth, repair of damage, and replacement worn out cells
  • Makes identical body and skin cells
79
Q

Meiosis:

A
  • Reduction division process that contributes to genetic variety
  • Makes sperm and eggs cells (gametes)
80
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

In meiosis prophase I, nonsister chromotids of homologous chromosomes cross over and transfer genetic info. In mitosis metaphase I, chromosomes line up in PAIRS in the middle.

81
Q

Allele:

A

2 alternative variations of a genes

82
Q

DNA discovered by:

A

Watson and Crick

83
Q

Transcription:

A

An RNA strand complementary to the original strand of DNA is produced (mRNA)

84
Q

Genetic material produced through transcription:

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

85
Q

Where does the mRNA go?

A

Out of the nucleus-> ribosome-> cytosol or rough ER

86
Q

Translation:

A

tRNA binds to mRNA to create a chain of amino acids (polypeptides)

87
Q

tRNA:

A

Carries a specific amino acid and has an anti-codon on the opposite end to match up on the mRNA strand

88
Q

Stop codon:

A

Chain of amino acids ends and is released into the cytoplasm, the protein folds onto itself and forms its complete comformation.

89
Q

A cell from the heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually high proportion of:

A

Mitochondria

90
Q

Which part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?

A

ETC

91
Q

Why is it important for cells to undergo mitosis?

A

Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair of body tissue

92
Q

72 chromosomes undergo meiosis. How many chromosomes will be in each gamete?

A

36

93
Q

Anabolic reactions:

A

Builds larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones

94
Q

Catabolic reactions:

A

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules

95
Q

Meiosis 1 steps:

A

P1: Chromosomes condense and match up with homologous pairs to transfer DNA

M1: Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in pairs

A1: Chromosomes are pulled away by spindle fibers

T1: Forms 2 new cells

Cytokinesis: Splits cytoplasm

96
Q

Meiosis 2 steps:

A

P2: No homologous pairs of chromosomes or crossing over

M2: Chromosomes line up in a single file line

A2: Chromotids are pulled away

T2: Cell begins to divide into 4 cells

Cytokinesis: Splits cytoplasm to 4 cells

97
Q

Human body cells have:

Human sex cell gametes have:

A

46

23

98
Q

What is the typical result of mitosis in humans?

A

2 diploid cells

99
Q

Haploid cell:

Diploid cell:

A

Both sets of homologous chromosomes (meiosis)

Same set of chromosomes (mitosis)

100
Q

What is not produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Oxygen

101
Q

What kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA?

A

Covalent

102
Q

3 steroids:

A

Cholestrol, estrogen, testosterone

103
Q

What property is responsible for passage of water through a plant?

A

Cohesion

104
Q

During which phase is the chromosome number reduced from diploid to haploid?

A

Meiosis I

105
Q

Which form of water is the densest?

A

Liquid

106
Q

What is the longest phase in the life of a cell?

A

Interphase

107
Q

What is neccessary for cell diffusion?

A

Water

108
Q

Which cell type has no nucleus?

A

RBC

109
Q

What is the most general taxomic category?

A

Kingdom

110
Q

Process by which organisms use energy:

A

Metabolism

111
Q

When both parents give offspring the same allele, the offspring is ____ for that trait:

One dominant and one recessive trait, the offspring is ____ for that trait:

A

Homozygous

Heterozygous

112
Q

Scientists suggest that evolution has occured through a process called:

A

Natural selection

113
Q

Cellular heirarchy from simplest to most complex structure:

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

114
Q

All living organisms on earth utilize:

A

A triplet genetic code

115
Q

Exergonic reactions:

A

Create energy

116
Q

During the S phase in the interphase stage of mitosis, what event is occuring?

A

Rapid DNA replication

117
Q

How is the most amount of energy released from ATP?

A

When one phosphate group breaks off of ATP to form ADP and free phosphate

118
Q

Light dependent reactions:

A

Hydrolysis reaction to provide electrols to chlorophyll and release of oxygen

119
Q

Light independent reaction:

A

Energy produced from dependent reaction is stored as chemical bonds in glucose

120
Q

Biological community formed as a response to physical environment?

A

Biome

Ex: Terrestrial and marine

121
Q

Made up of all living organisms in a specific area, as well as nonliving components of the physical environment:

A

Ecosystem

HESI (18 decks)

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