Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Biology hierarchic organizational system in order from most inclusive to most restrictive category:
A
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
2
Q
Steps of the scientific method:
A
- Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Conclusion
3
Q
Observation:
A
New observations are made/previous data are studied
4
Q
Hypothesis:
A
Statement or explanation of certain events or happenings
5
Q
Experiment:
A
Repeatable procedure of gathering data to support or refute the hypothesis
6
Q
Conclusion:
A
Data is explained
7
Q
Most significant aspect of water:
A
The polarity of its bonds that allow for hydrogen bonding between molecules
8
Q
Specific heat:
A
Amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 degree Celsius
9
Q
Why is polarity the most important characteristic of water?
A
The results of the polarity are hydrogen bonding, a high specific heat value, versatile solvent, strong adhesive and cohesiveness properties, and temperature moderation ability
10
Q
Of all the molecules that are significant to biology, which of the following are considered the most important?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
11
Q
Structure of carbohydrates:
A
Long chains, or polymers, of sugars
12
Q
Function of carbohydrates:
A
-Storage, structure, and energy -Form the backbone of DNA and RNA
13
Q
3 lipids:
A
Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids
14
Q
2 fatty acids:
A
Saturated and unsaturated
15
Q
Saturated fats:
A
-Contain no double bonds -SOLID
16
Q
Unsaturated fats:
A
-Contain one or more double bonds -LIQUID at room temperature
17
Q
Phospholipids:
A
- Consist of 2 fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate group
- Amiphipathic (hydrophillic and lipophillic)
18
Q
How do phospholipids play a role in the cell membrane?
A
Their structure creates a barrier that protects the cell
19
Q
Phospholipid structure:
A
-Phosphate group is charged and polar while the hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acids is non-soluble
20
Q
Steroids:
A
Precursors to significant hormones and drugs
21
Q
Most significant contributor to cellular function:
A
Proteins
22
Q
Amino acids:
A
Polymers of 20 molecules
23
Q
DNA
A
Unique molecule specific to a particular organism that contains code necessary for replication
24
Q
RNA
A
Used to transfer info from DNA to protein level and as a messenger of the genetic code
25
Metabolic pathway:
Reactions that take place from high energy to low energy
26
Prokaryotic cells:
-Lack a nucleus -Do not contain membrane-bound organelles -Replicate via binary fission
27
Eukaryotic cells:
-Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and contain membrane-bound organelles -Replicate via mitosis
28
Nucleus:
Contains DNA of the cells in chromosomes
29
Chromosomes:
Contain all the genetic info that stores instructions for the function of the cell
30
Ribosomes:
Read RNA and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins
31
Bound ribosomes are found:
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
32
Free ribosomes are found:
In the cytoplasm
33
Rough ER:
Responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production
34
Smooth ER:
-Lacks ribosomes -Responsible for detoxification and metabolism of molecules
35
Golgi apparatus:
Packaging, processing, and shipping organelle that transports proteins from the ER throughout the cell
36
Lysosomes:
-Where intracellular digestion takes place -Hydrolyzes proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids
37
Vacuoles:
Sacs used to phagocytose food and waste disposal
38
Plant vacuoles function as:
Storage, waste disposal, protection, and hydrolysis
39
2 organelles that produce cell energy:
Mitochondrion and chloroplasts
40
Mitochondria:
-Found in eukaryotic cells -Site of cellular respiration/ generating ATP
41
Chloroplasts:
-Found in plants -Site of photosynthesis
42
Most important component of the cells:
Cellular membrane
43
Cellular membrane:
Contributes to protection, communication, and passage of substances into and out of the cell
44
Cell membrane consists of:
Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins throughout
45
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism is:
Metabolism
46
Two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production are:
Cellular respiration (aerobic) and fermentation (anaerobic)
47
Glycolysis:
Where does it take place?
- Anaerobic process
- Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
- Takes place in the cytosol of the cell
48
Glycolysis produces:
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
49
Citric acid cycle/ Kreb's:
Where does it take place?
- Aerobic process
- Pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion
- Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
50
Citric acid cycle/ Kreb's produces:
2 ATP, 6 carbon dioxide, 6 NADH
51
Electron transport chain:
- Aerobic process
- Oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water
52
Electron transport chain produces:
28-32 ATP
53
Overall number of ATP produced in glycolysis, Kreb's, ETC:
32-36 ATP
54
2 stages of photosynthesis:
Light reaction and Calvin cycle
55
Light reactions:
Those that convert solar energy to chemical energy
56
All metabolic reactions in a cell are catalyzed by?
Enzymes
57
Phenotype:
What traits will be expressed (e.g. brown hair, blonde hair, red hair)
58
Genotype:
The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g. bb, Bb, or BB)
59
Calvin cycle:
Second stage of photosynthesis where NADH and ATP produced by light reactions are used to produce sugar.
60
Covalent bonds:
Attach the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom in a molecule of water
61
Hydrogen bonds:
Are what connect water molecules to other molecules
62
Photosynthesis:
Light energy is captured and used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar through light reactions and the calvin cycle
63
Process of a light reaction:
The cell absorbs the light and uses the light energy to split a water molecule and transfer the electron, producing NADPH and ATP
64
Binary fission:
Process by which bacteria (prokaryotes) replicate.
The chromosome binds to the plasma membrane, where it replicates. As the cell grows, it pinches in two, producing two identical cells.
65
2 types of asexual reproduction:
Binary fission and mitosis
66
5 stages of mitosis:
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
67
Interphase:
Phase the cell is in before meiosis and meiosis start. Chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division. The chromosomes are uncondensed.
68
Prophase:
Chromosomes are visibly separate with each duplicated chromosome having two sister chromatids.
69
Prometaphase:
Nuclear envelope begins to disappear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the growing spindle.
70
Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate.
71
Anaphase:
The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart. The separated chromatids are now each considered individual chromosomes.
72
Telophase:
The chromosomes gather on each side of the cell as it begins to pinch.
73
Pinching off in animal cells:
Cleavage furrow
74
Pinching off in plant cells:
Cell plate
75
Cytokinesis:
After mitosis is complete, the cell divides in two, producing two identical daughter cells (46 chromosomes, 46 chromotids each daughter cell)
After meiosis is complete, the cell divides in 4, producing 4 unique cells (23 chromosomes, 23 chromotids each cell)
76
In asexual reproduction:
The offspring originates from a single cell-\> all cells produced to be identical
77
In sexual reproduction:
Two cells contribute genetic material to daughter cells -\> resulting in a greater variation of cells
78
Mitosis:
- Responsible for growth, repair of damage, and replacement worn out cells
- Makes identical body and skin cells
79
Meiosis:
- Reduction division process that contributes to genetic variety
- Makes sperm and eggs cells (gametes)
80
Difference between mitosis and meiosis?
In meiosis prophase I, nonsister chromotids of homologous chromosomes cross over and transfer genetic info. In mitosis metaphase I, chromosomes line up in PAIRS in the middle.
81
Allele:
2 alternative variations of a genes
82
DNA discovered by:
Watson and Crick
83
Transcription:
An RNA strand complementary to the original strand of DNA is produced (mRNA)
84
Genetic material produced through transcription:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
85
Where does the mRNA go?
Out of the nucleus-\> ribosome-\> cytosol or rough ER
86
Translation:
tRNA binds to mRNA to create a chain of amino acids (polypeptides)
87
tRNA:
Carries a specific amino acid and has an anti-codon on the opposite end to match up on the mRNA strand
88
Stop codon:
Chain of amino acids ends and is released into the cytoplasm, the protein folds onto itself and forms its complete comformation.
89
A cell from the heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually high proportion of:
Mitochondria
90
Which part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?
ETC
91
Why is it important for cells to undergo mitosis?
Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair of body tissue
92
72 chromosomes undergo meiosis. How many chromosomes will be in each gamete?
36
93
Anabolic reactions:
Builds larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones
94
Catabolic reactions:
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules
95
Meiosis 1 steps:
P1: Chromosomes condense and match up with homologous pairs to transfer DNA
M1: Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in pairs
A1: Chromosomes are pulled away by spindle fibers
T1: Forms 2 new cells
Cytokinesis: Splits cytoplasm
96
Meiosis 2 steps:
P2: No homologous pairs of chromosomes or crossing over
M2: Chromosomes line up in a single file line
A2: Chromotids are pulled away
T2: Cell begins to divide into 4 cells
Cytokinesis: Splits cytoplasm to 4 cells
97
Human body cells have:
Human sex cell gametes have:
46
23
98
What is the typical result of mitosis in humans?
2 diploid cells
99
Haploid cell:
Diploid cell:
Both sets of homologous chromosomes (meiosis)
Same set of chromosomes (mitosis)
100
What is not produced in the Kreb's cycle?
Oxygen
101
What kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA?
Covalent
102
3 steroids:
Cholestrol, estrogen, testosterone
103
What property is responsible for passage of water through a plant?
Cohesion
104
During which phase is the chromosome number reduced from diploid to haploid?
Meiosis I
105
Which form of water is the densest?
Liquid
106
What is the longest phase in the life of a cell?
Interphase
107
What is neccessary for cell diffusion?
Water
108
Which cell type has no nucleus?
RBC
109
What is the most general taxomic category?
Kingdom
110
Process by which organisms use energy:
Metabolism
111
When both parents give offspring the same allele, the offspring is ____ for that trait:
One dominant and one recessive trait, the offspring is ____ for that trait:
Homozygous
Heterozygous
112
Scientists suggest that evolution has occured through a process called:
Natural selection
113
Cellular heirarchy from simplest to most complex structure:
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
114
All living organisms on earth utilize:
A triplet genetic code
115
Exergonic reactions:
Create energy
116
During the S phase in the interphase stage of mitosis, what event is occuring?
Rapid DNA replication
117
How is the most amount of energy released from ATP?
When one phosphate group breaks off of ATP to form ADP and free phosphate
118
Light dependent reactions:
Hydrolysis reaction to provide electrols to chlorophyll and release of oxygen
119
Light independent reaction:
Energy produced from dependent reaction is stored as chemical bonds in glucose
120
Biological community formed as a response to physical environment?
Biome
Ex: Terrestrial and marine
121
Made up of all living organisms in a specific area, as well as nonliving components of the physical environment:
Ecosystem
