BIO 14 LEC - Variation Among Organisms Flashcards
3 GENERAL TYPES OF VARIATION
- structure
- metabolism
- reproduction
VARIATION TYPES - Structure
- 3 areas + definition
- CELL TYPE
- prokaryotic or eukaryotic - CELL COMPOSITON
- unicellular or multicellular
- bone cell, muscle cell, skin cell…. - BODY ORGANIZATION
- colonial
- thalloid
- filamentous
- organ-forming
In multicellular organisms, they contain cell connections called?
cytoplasmic connections or plasmodesmata
VARIATION TYPES - Structure
BODY ORGANIZATION
the organism is made up of an ____ of cells called a ___
- aggregate
- colony
COLONIAL
VARIATION TYPES - Structure
BODY ORGANIZATION
the organism is made up of a ____ of cells called a ____
- series
- filament
FILAMENTOUS
VARIATION TYPES - Structure
BODY ORGANIZATION
the organism is made up of several ____ of ____ that may form ____ but not ____
wherein the body is _____ and called a ___
- layers
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- compact
- thallus
THALLOID
VARIATION TYPES - Structure
BODY ORGANIZATION
organism is made of several _____, wherein this body organization can be found in ___ and ____
- organs
- plants and animals
ORGAN-FORMING
VARIATION TYPES - Metabolism
- 2 types (2; 3)
- MODE OF NUTRITION
- autotrophism
- heterotrophism - RESPIRATION
- aerobic
- anaerobic
- facultative anaerobic
VARIATION TYPES - Metabolism (nutrition)
AUTOTROPHISM
- energy can be obtained from a _____ source and the organisms uses this energy to ____ ___ ___ _____ into ___ ____
- 2 types + examples
- non-living
- synthesize raw inorganic compounds
- organic compounds
- Photoautotrophism (photosynthesis): solar energy (e source) -> chemical energy like PLANTS, ALGAE, and CYANOBACTERIA
- Chemoautotrophism: chemical energy (e source) from inorganic compounds -> stored as is like IRON BACTERIA
VARIATION TYPES - Metabolism (nutrition)
HETEROTROPHISM
- energy is obtained from a ____ in the form of _____ because the organism ______ utilize ____ ____ compounds
- 2 types + example
- living source
- chemical energy
- cannot utilize
- raw inorganic compounds
- Absorptive heterotrophism - organism digests food outside body and absorbs the small molecular units internally like FUNGI and MOST EUBACTERIA
- Ingestive heterotrophism - organism ingests bulk food and digests internally like PROTOZOA and ANIMALS
WHAT is the means of processing the prefabricated organic compounds in heterotrophs?
Digestion (large biomolecules -> small molecular units)
VARIATION TYPES - Metabolism (respiration)
difference of the 3 types
a. Aerobic — oxygen requiring
b. Anaerobic — cannot live in the presence of oxygen
c. Facultative anaerobic — can survive with or without oxygen
REPRODUCTION
- the capacity of the organisms to??
- 3 major steps
make copies of themselves
- production of a reproductive unit by the parent
- separation of the reproductive unit
- development of the reproductive unit into an adult offspring
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
- 2 types
- MODE OF REPRODUCTION
- sexual
- asexual - LIFE CYCLE
- haplontic
- diplontic
- diplohaplontic
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL
- how many parents?
- what process is involved?
- offspring is an ___ ___ of the parent, and called a ___
- uniparental
- mitosis
- exact replica called CLONE
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
SEXUAL
- how many parents?
- 2 key processes
- ____ or ___ are produced
- offspring are ____ of the parents
- biparental
- meiosis
- fertilization
- sex cells or gametes
- variants
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
SEXUAL - MEIOSIS
may produce:
- _____ reproductive units called _____ if they _____ directly into ____, or;
- _____ if they ____ together to produce the ____
- 3 types + definition
- haploid
- spores
- develop into adults
- gametes
- fuse
- adults
- Gametic Meiosis — the direct products of meiosis are gametes
- Sporic Meiosis — the direct products of meiosis are spores
- Zygotic Meiosis — the zygote does not develop into an adult but directly undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells that develop into haploid adults
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
SEXUAL - FERTILIZATION
- refers to the ____ of ____ ____ resulting into a ____ ____ product called a ____
- 2 types
- union of 2 gametes
- unicellular diploid
- zygote
- Syngamy — both gametes physically fuse to produce the zygote.
- Conjugation — protoplasts or genetic material from one of the gametes is transferred to the other gamete where the fusion event takes place.
3 forms of SYNGAMY
a. Isogamy — both gametes are alike in size and appearance
b. Anisogamy — one of the gametes is larger than the other
c. Oogamy — gametes differ in appearance, the male is smaller and motile while the female is large and non-motile.
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL
5 modes of asexual reproduction
- Fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Sporulation
- Propagule Formation
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL - Fission
- involves the ___ of a parent cell
- 2 types + differences
- splitting
BINARY FISSION: split into 2 daughter cells
MULTIPLE FISSION: split into several daughter cells
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL - Budding
small ____ of the parent ____ or ___ out, and ____ upon reaching ____
- replica
- grows / buds
- separates
- maturity
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL - Fragmentation
- a ___ of the parent ___ and ___ into a ____ organism
- very common among ____ or ____ forms
- portion
- separates
- develops
- similar
- filamentous
- thalloid
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL - Sporulation
unicellular ___ ___ that are produced in specialized ____ cases called ____ and the ____ develop into ____ upon ____ from parent
- mitotic spores
- reproductive
- sporangia
- spores
- offspring
- separation
VARIATION TYPES - Reproduction
ASEXUAL - Propagule Formation
____ ____units that ___ from the parent and develop into ___
- multicellular reproductive
- separate
- offspring
Propagule Formation is exhibited by:
- what type of organism (1)
- its propagules can either be (3)?
- 3 examples of one of the above ^^
PLANTS
- roots
- leaves
- stem
STEM PROPAGULES
- rhizomes (horizontal underground)
- corms (vertical underground)
- stolons (horizontal aboveground)
2 types of ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
- isomorphic alternation of generations
- the sporophyte and gametophyte are morphologically similar from each other - heteromorphic alternation of generations
- the sporophyte and gametophyte are morphologically different
3 LIFE CYCLES among _____ ORGANISMS
EUKARYOTIC
- Haplontic
- Diplontic
- Diplohaplontic
LIFE CYCLES - HAPLONTIC
- The adults are _____ that directly produce the ____ gametes
- gametes fuse to form the ____ ____ _____ **, which may enter a ______ period
- when ____ become ____, the ___ ** undergoes ______ to produce _____ cells
- these cells develop into _____
- this life cycle is exhibited by _____ _____
- haploid
- haploid
- unicellular diploid zygote
- resting period
- conditions become favourable
- zygote undergoes meiosis
- haploid cells
- new adults
- many protists
LIFE CYCLE - DIPLOID
- the adults are _____
- ___ occurs within this adult to produce the ___, which fuses to form the ____ and develops into a ___ ____
- this life cycle is exhibited by _____ _____
- diploid
- meiosis
- gametes
- zygote
- new adult
- most animals
LIFE CYCLE - DIPLOHAPLONTIC
- produces _____ types of adults: one ___ called the _____ and one ____ known as the ____
- 2
- haploid (GAMETOPHYTE)
- diploid (SPOROPHYTE)
LIFE CYCLE - DIPLOHAPLONTIC (main process)
- produces _____ in specialized structures known as _____, which fuse to form the ____ **
- the ___ ** develops into the _____&&, wherein ___ occurs in specialize structures present in the ____ && called _____
- gametes
- gametangia
- zygote
- zygote
- sporophyte
- meiosis
- sporophyte
- sporangia
LIFE CYCLE - DIPLOHAPLONTIC
the meiotic products are called _____ that develop into the ____
- spores
- gametophytes
