ACTIVITY 9 Flashcards
2 types of generation in the life cycle of plants
+ ploidy level of each
+ reproductive process from 1st type -> 2nd type?
+ number of stages of each?
+ what are these ^^ stages?
- sporophyte generation (diploid) - 4
- zygote (2n)
- embryo (2n)
- mature sporophyte (2n)
- sporocyte (2n)
—–MEIOSIS——
- gametophyte generation (haploid) - 4
- spores (n)
- mature gametophyte (n)
- sperm (n) / egg (n) -> [fertilization]
- zygote (n)
2 possible intermediary phases between the SPOROPHYTE and GAMETOPHYTE
+ relevance
+ reason for such a name
MEGASPOROGENESIS - produces egg (physically bigger)
MICROSPOROGENESIS - produces sperm (physically smaller)
2 ENDS in the MEGASPOROGENESIS
- Chalazal end
- Micropylar end
4 PARTS in MEGASPOROGENESIS
+ function
- synergids (provide nutrition and support)
- antipodals (protects egg + sends signal to sperm to meet with egg)
- filiform apparatus (helps in nutrient exchange)
- central egg cell (reproduction)
how many NUCLEUS is present in MICROSPOROGENESIS
+ what are these?
1 regenerative/reproductive
1 vegetative (tube nucleus)
function of TUBE NUCLEUS in MICROSPOROGENESIS
+ what happens to it afterward?
guides sperm to meet the egg cell by MAKING a “pollen tube” through the stigma and style
bc sperm cant go to ovary by itself
tube nucleus disintegrates SO THAT sperm entirely meets with egg and fertilization OCCURS
in male, the ____ in anthers are the POLLEN that attaches to the _____ (+why here?), which continues to the ____, then the _____
- spores
- stigma (very sticky)
- style
- ovary
after MICROSPOROGENESIS + Fertilization, the ff female reproductive parts becomes WHAT:
- style
- ovary
- ovule
SEED:
- style
- fertilized ovule
FRUIT:
- ovary
seeds are _____ plants with ____ tissues & _____ covering
- embryonic
- nutritive
- protective
FUNCTION of the ff:
- fruits
- seeds
- seed-dispersal
- new generation of plants
refers to the SEQUENTIAL STEPS involved in maturation of plants
development
refers to the HETEROTROPHIC multicellular stage of the SPOROPHYTE generation of plants
embryo
WHAT do you call a cluster of fruits developing from an INFLORESCENCE?
how does this happen?
infructescence
multiple carpels of many flowers
refers to the phenomenon wherein fruits develop without prior fertilization
parthenocarpy (NOT parthenogenesis)
when FLOWERS become FRUITS, what is shed & what is left?
SHED: some of its parts
LEFT: sepals & sometimes petals & peduncle/pedicle
2 types of fruit based on COMPOSITION
- True Fruit: derived from only “ripened ovary”
- Accessory Fruit: derived from “ripened ovary” + other flower parts
2 types of fruit based on FLORAL ORIGINS
- Simple Fruit: 1 flower = 1 fruit
- Compound Fruit: 2 types
2.1 Aggregate
- 1 flower = several fruits (multiple, separate carpels)
2.2 Multiple
- infructescence = several fruits that fuse into 1 body (PINEAPPLE)
3 COMMON PARTS of a seed
endosperm
embryo
seed coat
2 PARTS of a fruit
fruit wall (enclosing seeds) / pericarp
fruit stalk
3 LAYERS of pericarp
- exocarp
- mesocarp
- endocarp
2 types of fruit based on SUCCULENCE
- fleshy fruits (fibrous, thick, soft, succulent fruit wall)
- dry fruits (thin papery or dry fruit walls)
- dehiscent
- indehiscent
3 types of FLESHY FRUITS
- Berry (entire pericarp is soft)
- Pepo (tough exocarp, undifferentiated inner pericarp LIKE CUCUMBER)
- Hesperidium (leathery exocarp LIKE LEMON) - Pome (papery/leathery endocarp + soft exo & mesocarp LIKE APPLE)
- Drupe (hard endocarp + soft exo & mesocarp LIKE COCONUT)
4 types of DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS + definition
- fruit splits open to release the seeds upon maturation
- Legume (1 carpel)
- breaks open along 2 sides (peanuts, beans, monggo) - Follicle (1 carpel)
- breaks open along one side (culumbine) - Schizocarp (compound gynoecium)
- breaks into individual carpels called MERICARPS (spurge) - Capsule (compound gynoecium)
- breaks along lines of fusion (okra)
2 example of accessory fruit
strawberry (receptacle) and apple (fused floral parts)
4 types of DRY INDEHISCENT FRUITS + definition
- fruit remains closed (not releasing seeds) even after maturation
- Caryopsis (one-seeded)
- seed coat + pericarp fusion (CORN) - Achene (one-seeded)
- thin and papery pericarp (SUNFLOWER) - Samara (one-seeded)
- wing-like appendage (NARRA) - Nut (flower w several carpels BUT only one becomes seed)
- entire pericarp hard (ACORN)
ACHENE, in some cases, specializes into ____ with ____-like appendages
+ example (1)
- cypsela
- parachute
WILD DAISY
WHAT is locule and septum
LOCULE: a chamber or compartment within the ovary or fruit that contains the ovules (seeds).
SEPTUME: separates the locules
WHAT is FLAVEDO and ALBEDO?
- what specific fruit is it found?
- what type of fruit is it found?
FLAVEDO: exocarp
ALBEDO: mesocarp
- Citrofortunella x microcarpa
- hesperidium
What type of tissue is responsible for the characteristic hardness of the endocarp in COCONUTS?
sclerenchyma tissues
How is seed dispersal effected in coconut?
hydrochory (water dispersal)
WHAT is the edible part of apple?
+ palatandaan
hypanthium (fused floral parts)
- not part of pericarp
PARIETAL vs AXILE placentation
parietal placentation - ovules attaching to the inner walls of the ovary
axile placentation - ovules attached to a central axis within the ovary
long silks in CORN EAR are derived from what floral part?
styles of female flower
Is it possible to separate the seed from a caryopsis fruit?
NO
one-seeded fruits sila and attached ang seed sa fruit wall
HAIR LIKE structures in wild daisy?
+ derived from what floral part?
+ role in seed disperal?
PAPPUS (pappi)
- modified calyx
- plays a crucial role in wind-aided seed dispersal, acting like a “parachute” to facilitate long-distance travel of the seeds
SUPERIOR vs INFERIOR ovary
superior ovary - attached above the other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens)
inferior ovary - attached below them
PARTS of dicot seed (6) + 2 examples
seed coat
hilum
micropyle
raphe
cotyledons
embryo (plumule, radicle)
Vigna radiata
Phaseolus vulgaris
PARTS of monocot seed (4) + 1 example
seed coat
embryo
cotyledon
endosperm
Zea mays
process in seed-bearing plants that leads to the development of an embryo into seedling
+ 2 types of seedlings
+ difference
+ which is dicot/monocot
seed germination
- Epigeal seedlings (cotyledons are found aboveground and often photosynthetic) - dicot
- Hypogeal seedlings (cotyledons remaining below the ground) - monocot
EPICOTYL vs HYPOCOTYL
epicotyl - embryonic shoot above the cotyledons (grows faster in hypogeal)
hypocotyl - embryonic region below the cotyledons (grows faster in epigeal)
