BIO 14 LEC - Biogeography Flashcards
BIOGEOGRAPHY
the study of the ____ of _____ of organisms, including both ____ and ____ species
- patterns of distribution
- extant and extinct
extant VS extinct
EXTANT: still existing
EXTINCT: no long existing
did biodiversity happen before or after the formation of PANGEA
Before
PANGEA
- definition
- when
- body of water that surrounds it
- the supercontinent
- 290 million years ago
PANTHALASSA
Biogeographers separate the land masses of earth into ______
and why?
REALMS
- barriers are important in restricting large scale distributions of groups of organisms *
- so if a place has drastic changes in its diversity compared sa mga katabi niya, dapat seaprate sila
6 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS
- Nearctic
- Palearctic
- Neotropical
- Ethiopian
- Oriental
- Australasian
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS
LOCATIONS included in the ff:
- Nearctic (2)
- Palearctic (2 + 2)
- Neotropical (3)
- Ethiopian (1)
- Oriental (2)
- Australasian (4)
- North America & Greenland
- Europe & Asia (excluding Indian subcontinent & Southeast Asia)
- South America & Central America & Southernmost Mexico
- Africa south of the Mediterranean coastal region
- India & Southeast Asia
- Australia & New Guinea & New Zealand & Pacific Islands southeast of Wallace’s line
Do tectonic plates and biogeographical realms fit perfectly with each other?
No, but closely
7 known major tectonic plates + 2
- African
- Antarctic
- Indo-Australian
- North American
- Pacific
- South American
- Eurasian
- Nazca (oceanic plate beneath South America)
- Caribbean (oceanic + continental interacts with Nazca, and South & North America)
What is found at the intersection of the INDIAN and ORIENTAL plate?
- treated as a ____ sub-region
- reason for ^^
HIMALAYAS MOUNTAINS
- a separate
- because of different organisms housing there
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
- other term used in the past
- explanation for (2)
- 3 main evidences
- “theory of plate tectonics”
- (1) separation of realms & (2) species distribution
- The fit between South America and Africa
- The Evidence of Permian Flora
- The Evidence of Fossil Records
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY - EVIDENCE 1
THE FIT BETWEEN THE 2 PLATES
- the fit is due to ______ ____
- in the region of close fit, what matches?
- contemporary coastlines
- cratons match in shape and in stratigraphy
Andes Mountains rose as a result of???
South America moving westward into the Pacific plate
What type of species can be found between 2 plates because they were CLOSE TO EACH OTHER in the past?
MARSUPIAL SPECIES
- in Australasia and South America (kahit na ang layo na nila ngayon, noon kasi magkalapit)
Which is heavier: oceanic or continental?
OCEANIC: so will subduct upon meeting with continental
___ in BIOGEOGRAPHY often demonstrate ____
for instance:
________ ____ reflect ___ of the ____
- patterns
- history
- biogeographical realms
- breakup
- supercontinent
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS
- a geographic region where a group of ____ and
____ species ____ - represent the ____ ____ ___ of the entire ____ of _____, ___, and _____ throughout the history of ____ on Earth
- plant and animal species evolved
- sum global outcome
- history of evolution, migration, and extinction
- life
BOUNDARIES
- found in the corners of _____ ____
- places where there are ___ ___ in the composition of ____ and ___
- biogeographical realms
- drastic changes
- flora and fauna
The basic divisions in the realms
are between (2): + their coverages
+ difference
a. New World (Nearctic & Neotropical) vs. Old World (the remaining)
b. Northern hemisphere (Nearctic & Palearctic) vs. Southern (the remaining)
New World vs. Old World is more relevant for studying evolutionary history and migration.
Northern vs. Southern Hemisphere is more useful for studying climatic and ecological patterns.
THE REALMS - NEARCTIC
- wide range of ___ like (4)
- has been separated from ____ by ____ and ___
- biomes (tundra, grassland, forests, deserts)
- neotropical
- deserts and ocean
THE REALMS - PALEARCTIC
- wide range of ___ like (4)
- has been separated from ____ _____ by ____, ____, and ___
- biomes (tundra, grassland, forests, deserts)
- southern realms
- desert, mountains, and ocean
NEARCTIC + PALEARCTIC= ?
- many ___ in ___ and ____
- ____ ___ on ___
- only ___ in 1 group of ____
HOLARCTIC
- many similarities in biomes and animals
- not used on plants
- only used in 1 group of animals
THE REALMS - NEOTROPICAL, ETHIOPIAN, ORIENTAL
- biomes (3)
- used to be ___ as ____
- separated by ____
- tropical forests, deserts and savannas
- united as Gondwanaland
- separated by oceans
THE REALMS - AUSTRALASIAN
- biome (3)
- the most _____ realm, with the most _____ ____ and _____ like (2)
- desert core, surrounded by tropical forest and savanna
- the most isolated realm, with the most unique plants and animals
a.) Eucalyptus trees
b.) Pouched marsupial mammals
4 Distribution Patterns
- Biogeographic realm
- Disjunct- found in two or more separate geographic areas that are not connected
- Cosmopolitan- found worldwide
- Endemic- found only in a certain region/locality
native vs endemic vs indigenous
all endemic are native and indigenous, but not all native are endemic
- Native - naturally occurs in a region but may exist elsewhere
- Endemic - found in only 1 specific region and nowhere else
- Indigenous - occurs in 1 region and has a historical presence
Examples of NATIVE BUT NOT ENDEMIC, and ENDEMIC animals
NATIVE (not endemic)
- butanding (whale shark)
- water buffalo
- mud crabs
ENDEMIC
- philippine flying lemur
- philippine tarsier
- visayan warty pig
- luzon bleeding heart
- tamaraw
