BIO 14 LEC - Taxonomy

Question 1

Why should taxonomy be systematized (3)?

Answer 1

1. organization
2. communication
3. universal system

Question 2

PRE-HISTORY of TAXONOMY (3)

1. Aristotle
   - developed the…?
   - grouped everything as… (2)?
2. Theophrastus
   - wrote a PARALLEL WORK (book) called ___?
3. Romans, Arabs, Chinese
   - described and recorded ______
   - 3 types of books
   - known example

Answer 2

1. Aristotle- developed the 1st widely accepted system of biological classification- everything grouped as:
   : animals (land/sea/air)
   : plants (herbs, shrubs, trees)
2. Historia Plantarum
3. • familiar organisms
     a) Herbals (book abt plants)
     b) Bestiaries (book abt animals)
     c) Compendium (catalogue of plants and animals)

MATERIA MEDICA FOR THE RELIEF OF FAMILIES (herbal)

Question 3

UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE (1)

Johannes Gutenberg
- contribution?
- universal language? + more info

Answer 3

• rapid spread of scientific ideas due to movable type of printing press

LATIN - universal language + traditional language of scholars in Middle Ages

Question 4

SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION

• influenced by?
• 2 types
• their main definition

Answer 4

• influenced by CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION from the book ORIGIN OF SPECIES

1. Artificial (based on morphological/seeable characteristics)
2. Natural (based on theoritized evolutionary relationships/common ancestor)

Question 5

ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION (3)

1. Carolus Linnaeus
   - - introduced the 2 kingdoms of??
   - wrote ___ (2)? which was the..?
   - classification of ____ was based on (2)?
   - introduced _________ system of ______, which contains the ____ and ____ names
2. Andrea Caesalpino
   - classified the _____ Kingdom based on ____
3. John Ray
   - classified the ___ & ____ Kingdom based on ___ (2)

Answer 5

1. CL
   - PLANTAE & ANIMALIA
   - SPECIES PLANTARUM - starting point of plant names
   - SYSTEMA NATURAE - starting point of animal names
   - classification of PLANTS based on
   : NUMBER & ARRANGEMENT of floral parts

• BINOMIAL SYSTEM of nomenclature - polynomial (true name) AND binomial (alternate name)

2. AC
   - Plant - habitat
3. JR
   - Plant and Animal: form & general morphology

Question 6

POLYNOMIAL vs BINOMIAL names

Answer 6

POLYNOMIAL - true name
BINOMIAL - shortened name (specific and simple)

Question 7

NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION (6)

1. Georges Cuvier
   - classified ___ including ___
   - and attributed the presence of EXTINCT ANIMALS due to “____”
   - found out that DIFFERENCES in _____ were the ____ of _____ and _____
   - could not explain _____
2. Adulf Engler & Karl Prantl
   - one of the FIRST _____
   - classified ____ first because?
   - divided the entire ____ kingdom into _____
   - wrote WHAT BOOK
3. Ernst Haeckel
   - what revisions did he do in the KINGDOM
   - what did he call this ^^
   - 1st attempt to??
4. Herbert Copeland
   - added ??
   - made the _____ tree
5. ROBERT WHITTAKER
   - what revisions did he do in the KINGDOM
   - what did he call this ^^
   - what OUTLINE did he add that is one-level higher than KINGDOM
6. CARL WOESE
   - finalized ____-Kingdom Tree
   - ^^ what is its other name
   - what kingdom did he split and revise the name
   - why was archaea separated?
   - ^^ what specific sequence
   - ^^ when was this discovery made

Answer 7

1. • animals INCLUDING extinct ones
     - “CATASTROPHISM”
     - differences in fossil forms were the product of repeated cataclysmic occurrences and repeated new creations
     - SPECIATION - focuses on extinction and the disappearance and appearance of species rather than the gradual formation of new species.
2. • phylogenetic systems
     - monocots: because believe they were primitive
     - PLANT: 13 divisions
     - Die Naturlichen pflanzenfamilien
3. • added PROTISTA
     - Haeckel Tree (3-kingdom tree w/ animalia and plantae)
     - depict the common evolutionary history of
     all living cells
4. • added MONERA
     - 4-kingdom tree
5. • added fungi
     - Whittaker Tree (Five-Kingdom Tree)
     - Prokaryota and Eukaryota
6. • Six-Kingdom Tree
     - Genetic-based tree of life
     - Monera to EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEBACTERA
     - found that archabacteria was significantly different from eubacteria and eukaryotes in terms of rRNA gene sequences
     - 16S

Question 8

Advantage (1) and Disadvantage (1) of POLYNOMIAL SYSTEM

Answer 8

A: contrast characteristics of a species from those of relatives

D: cumbersome

Question 9

suffixes per category

Answer 9

algae
plants
fungi
animals