BIO 14 LEC - Life and its characteristics Flashcards
LIFE
- property of ____
- resulted from ______ _____ of _____
in ____ solutions - driven by __________ to attain ________
- manifested in _______ of forms
- matter
- coupled cycling of bioelements in aqueous solutions
- radiant energy to attain maximum complexity
- manifested in great diversity of forms
Are life exclusively diverse?
and what QUOTATION is this based from?
No, there are certain characteristics TRUE to all life forms
“There is unity in diversity”
6 UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS of life
Life is…
- Made of bioelements
- Dependent on water
- Occurs in the presence of coupled cycling nutrients
- Occurs in the presence of a flow of energy
- Orderly
- Adjusts to a changing environment
WHAT are the basic bioelements? (6)
and what type of molecules to these form + examples?
C, H, O, N, P, S
BIOMOLECULES: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
5 CARBON SKELETONS of biomolecules
- sugar
- amino acids
- DNA
- ATP
- phospholipids
WATER and SOLUTE composition of living things?
and how much percentage of water is in the brain?
+ example (3)
90% water
10% organic and inorganic solute
80% water in brain
- cell cytoplasm
- vertebrate blood
- plant xylem sap
WHAT reactions occur in the PRESENCE OF WATER?
and why is that?
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS due to water being the universal solvent
WHAT does water provide to the brain for it to work?
electrolytes
Why is WATER the universal solvent despite not being able to dissolve ALL substances?
- it can dissolve more substances than any other liquid due to its unique polarity
WHAT are involved in the biogeochemical cycles?
cite 4 examples of biogeochemical cycles
+ do they occur simultaneously? if not, what occurs first, next, then last?
BIOELEMENTS
- carbon
- nitrogen
- phosphorus
- water
all occurs simultaneously
3 ways for NITROGEN FIXATION
+ what happens if TOO MUCH nitrogen occurs in the atmosphere?
- physical - lightning (natural)
- biologically - nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (natural)
- industrial (artificial)
ACID RAIN
biogeochemical cycles occur in WHAT SUBSYSTEM of earth?
+ where do they interact?
lithosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere
they interact at BIOSPHERE/ECOSPHERE
Direction of Energy Flow in the ecosystem? (3)
unidirectional
radiant -> chemical -> heat energy
______ is the ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY for the ____
- sun
- biosphere
4 processes in the flow of energy in the ecosystem
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS (provided by sun)
- ASSIMILATION (sun energy is absorbed as chemical energy in sugar form, and moves within the biosphere)
- RESPIRATION (sugar is broken down and released as energy/heat to function)
- METABOLISM (heat energy is gained)
cycle repeats…
PHOTOSYNTHESIS vs ASSIMILATION
- Photosynthesis is the process of making food
- Assimilation is the process of using that food for growth
why do organisms RELEASE HEAT? (2)
- it is a byproduct of their metabolic processes (cellular respiration)
- living organisms cannot convert this heat back into usable energy, thus released back to the environment
LIFE is described as a _____ towards increasing ________
progression
complexity
THROUGH TIME (4):
- number of cells from ____ became ____
- prokaryotes that were _____ became _____
- lineages from ____ to ____ to ____ and to _____
- interactions between _______ occurred, forming _____
- unicellular -> multicellular
- uncompartmentalized -> compartmentalized
- individuals -> population -> species -> higher taxa
- populations -> communities
WHAT is needed to maintain ORDERLINESS in life?
large energy input
each _____ in a ____ organism has a ____
structure
living
function
known theory behind organelles of eukaryotes?
each organelle seem like a prokaryote in itself
thus eukaryotes are a collection of prokaryotes
________ is the ____ CONSTANT FEATURE in Earth
CHANGE
ONLY
what gradually CHANGES in the environment over time?
earth processes
how do organisms respond to changes in the Earth or their environment?
+ what do you call this as a whole?
also changing themselves for coping and survival
ADAPTATION AND EVOLUTION
CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR :
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2
The water cycle is also known as the ____
hydrologic cycle
Other subphases of the Earth aside from the main 4? + definition
- GEOSPHERE
- PEDOSPHERE
- CRYOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
- the ____ parts of the planet
- collective term for the ____ (4)
- solid
- lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere
PEDOSPHERE
- refers to the ____ ___ of the earth that is composed of ____ and subject to ____ ____ processes
- exists at the interface of the ___ (4)
- outermost layer
-soil - soil formation
- the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
CRYOSPHERE
- refers to portions of Earth’s _____ where water is in ____ state
- widely overlaps with the ____
- surface
- water
- hydrosphere
CARBON CYCLE
- substance in the ATMOSPHERE (1)
- substance in the BIOSPHERE (4)
A: CO2 (inorganic C)
B: Glucose -> Starch -> Glucose -> Glycogen (Organic C)
- after glycogen - > CO2
_____ among organisms is driven by ____ of ____
interaction - flow of energy
