BIO 14 LEC - Phylogenetics Flashcards
SCIENTIFIC NAMES of the ff:
- algae/plants/fungi
- animals
- at first mention, need to write all authors
- no need to write all authors + Linnaeus (L.) lang ang pwedeng abbreviated; yung iba need i-spell out
Which of the two (genus and specific epithet) can be changed and cannot be changed
+why
Generic Name - can because of NEW INFORMATION/EVIDENCES
Specific Epithet - cannot
SYSTEMATICS
- main definition
- a ____ science because?
scientific study of the kinds and diversity of living organisms and all relationships among them
DYNAMIC - always changing due to new evidences
3 ASPECTS of SYSTEMATICS
- Taxonomy
- Biosystematics
- Phylogenetics
3 ASPECTS of SYSTEMATICS
TAXONOMY
- definition
- 2 major aspects of ____ are____ & ____
- theory and practice of classifying organisms
- CLASSIFICATION: grouping & ranking
3 ASPECTS of SYSTEMATICS
BIOSYSTEMATICS
- study of the ??? (2)
study of the variation in populations and how species are formed
3 ASPECTS of SYSTEMATICS
PHYLOGENETICS
- study of??
- aims to reconstruct _____ that led to ____
- study of PHYLOGENY and TAXA
- reconstruct SCENARIOS that led to EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN POPULATIONS
ARCHAEA vs archaebacteria
BACTERIA vs eubacteria
DOMAIN:
- archaea
- bacteria
KINGDOM:
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
How are macromolecules formed in the beginning of earth?
PRIMORDIAL SOUP - a hypothetical mixture of organic compounds that may have existed on early Earth
BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
- a group of ???
- “reproduction isolation” meaning
- a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
REPRODUCTION ISOLATION: membs of interbreeding populations will not exchange genes w other interbreeding populations
meaning, like MATES with like (tao sa tao, aso sa aso, dog sa aso)
3 ASPECTS of BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
- defined by DISTINCTIVENESS (than by difference)
- consist of POPULATIONS (than unconnected individs)
- defined through ISOLATION: relation to nonspecific populations (than FERTILITY: relation to conspecific individuals)
LIMITATIONS of BIOLOGICAL SPECIES definition (3)
- applies only to sexually-reproducing organisms
- does not classify extinct individuals
- organisms from diff groups may interbreed when kept in artificial habitats (zoo, laboratory)
PHYLOGENY
- refers to the??
- _______ history of ??
- branch of _____ that?? (2)
- importance?
- evolutionary descent of taxa
- evolutionary history of related species
- branch of systematics that classify organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships
- understanding and classifying the diversity of life on earth
9 ways to TEST evolutionary HYPOTHESIS
- Trait Evolution
- Coevolution
- Mode & Patterns of Speciation
- Correlated Trait of Evolution
- Biogeography
- Geographical Origins
- Age of Different Taxa
- Nature of Molecular Evolution
- Disease Epidemiology
Which was available first in the beginning of the earth:
HETEROTROPHIC cells or AUTOTROPHIC cells? + why
Heterotrophic - abundance of organic compounds from primordial soup
How did AUTOTROPHIC/photosynthetic organisms evolve?
The first oxygenic photosynthetic organisms were likely H2S-dependent
How did Oxygen became our source of living?
After photosynthetic organisms emerged, O2 was probably a pollutant at first, not until most living forms evolved to resist it and intake it
tho ngayon dhil sa abundance ng CO2, it would take generations bago we can evolve to inhale CO2
2 characters used in PHYLOGENY
- Ancestral characters (character states/phenotypic traits inherited UNCHANGED from ancestor)
- Derived characters (character states inherited from ancestor that became MODIFIED)
PHYLOGENY vs TAXONOMY
Phylogeny: study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Taxonomy: study of how to classify organisms
BRANCHING DIAGRAM
- definition
- 2 forms
- shows relationships between species based on common ancestor
- forms i-drawing
3 aspects of PHYLOGENY
- Time element
- Complexity of character state
- Outgroup method
3 ASPECTS of PHYLOGENY
Time Element
- refers to the ____ of ______ of the ____ state
- sequence of appearance
- character state
3 ASPECTS of PHYLOGENY
Complexity of Character State
- if the structure of an organism is complex, it is ___
- if simple, it is ___
+ 2 examples
- derived
- ancestral
- ancestral: surface eyes in fishes
derived: eyelessness in cave fishes - ancestral: free petals in flowers
derived: fused petals due to reduction in flower parts
3 ASPECTS of PHYLOGENY
Outgroup Method
- presence of a ___ ___ among some members of a ____ and a ___ that is ___ ____ related to any form of the lineage
- character state
- lineage
- taxon
- not closely
3 main APPROACHES to PHYLOGENY CLASSIFICATION
- Phenetics
- Cladistics
- Evolutionary Classification
APPROACHES to PHYLOGENY CLASSIFICATION
PHENETICS
- applies what type of taxonomy?
- based on ____ ____ of traits without considering ______ ___
- uses what classification method?
- objective or subjective?
- numerical taxonomy
- overall similarity of traits
- evolutionary history
- phenograms
- subjective
APPROACHES to PHYLOGENY CLASSIFICATION
CLADISTICS
- based on _____ ____, and ___ ____ characters called ____
- uses what classification method?
- objective or subjective?
- common ancestry
- shared derived characteristics
- SYNAMORPHIES
- cladograms
- objective
APPROACHES to PHYLOGENY CLASSIFICATION
EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
- incorporates _____ relationship between groups with ____ ____
- a mix of ____ and ____
- objective or subjective?
- applies what type of taxonomy?
- considers both shared ____ and ___ characters
- genealogical
- evolutionary distance
- phenetics and cladistics
- still objective but leaning to subjectivity
- traditional taxonomy
- ancestral and derived
EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION vs CLADISTICS
EC: groups organisms based on SHARED ANCESTRAL CHARACTERISTICS (like backbone) so more broad in a sense
CLADISTICS: groups organisms based on SHARED DERIVED (modified) CHARACTER over time (like hair that modified on organisms w backbones over time) so more specific in a sense
what is the most common phylogenetic classification used and why?
CLADISTICS - most objective and focuses on shared derived characteristics
2 basis of similarities among characters + definition and example
- Homology (resemblance in characters due to common ancestors like FORELIMBS)
- Homoplasy (resemblance in characters due to following similar developmental plans but not due to common ancestor like WINGS)
Similarity in adaptation of organisms may be due to (2)
- Parallel Evolution (similar but not always identical traits evolve independently in species w common ancestor; similar to homology)
- Convergent Evolution (unrelated species evolve similar traits independently; similar to homoplasy)
Just because two organisms look ____, we ____ ____ they are ____ ____ unless their ____ comes from a shared _____.
- alike
- cannot assume
- closely related
- similarity
- ancestor
3 aspects to consider when identifying and categorizing organisms
- Character - the feature itself (eye)
- Character State - adjective for the character (brown)
- Molecular Characters (genetic level and traces of common ancestry and evolutionary history)
Monophyletic vs Paraphyletic vs Polyphyletic
