Beta lactams Flashcards
T/F approx. 70% of antibiotics in the 40s and 50s were from soil bacteria (actinomycetes)
true
how do B-lactams effect bacteria?
they inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis
what is the main structural component of the bacterial cell wall?
peptidoglycan
stage 3 of peptidoglycan biosynthesis involves which two enzymes?
transglycosylase and transpeptidase
B-lactam antibiotics inactivate which of the stage 3 enzymes?
transpeptidase
transpeptidase belongs to what family of enzymes?
Penicillin Binding Proteins
which form of penicillin can be taken orally?
Penicillin V
which of the following is NOT a B-Lactamase resistant penicillin?
a. Methicillin
b. Nafcillin
c. Oxacillin
d. Cloxacillin
e. polycillin
f. dicloxacillin
e
T/F only Penicillin G and V are used clinically
True
cephalosporins could cure what type of fever?
typhoid fever
which bacterium are first generation cephalosporins not resistant to?
S. aureus and S. epidermidis
Second generation of cephalosporins are usually active against organisms susceptible to first generation cephalosporins. In addition, they are also active against:
Haemophilus influenzae
what’s different about third generation of cephalosporins compared to first and second?
some exhibit antipseudomonal activity
name the first generation cephalosporins:
cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephalexin
first generation cephalosporins activity vs. gram + and gram -?
good vs most gram +, moderate vs most gram -
name the second generation cephalosporins:
cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefoxitin
name the third generation cephalosporins:
cefdinir, ceftriaxone
T/F cephalothin is most effective when given orally
False, not orally active
cephalexin is good for treating which infection?
UTI
T/F cephalexin is only given parenterally
False
T/F second generation cephalosporins are more active towards gram - than first generation
True
T/F Haemophilus
influenzae can cause upper respiratory infections, ear infection, eye infection, sinusitis, and meningitis
True
T/F cefprozil has two active isomers
True
T/F cefprozil has more concentration of the trans isomer than the cis isomer
False, over 90% is cis
T/F cefprozil can be given orally
True
Which second generation cephalosporin would be best to treat H. influenzae meningitis?
Cefuroxime
T/F Cefoxitin is a non-competitive inhibitor of many B-lactamases
False, it is a competitive inhibitor
T/F cefdinir is considered broad spectrum
True
which two classes of bacterium is cefdinir mainly used to treat?
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
which two classes of bacterium is cefdinir mainly used to treat?
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
T/F ceftriaxone is considered broad spectrum
True
T/F ceftriaxone can be given parenterally
True
Ceftriaxone is used to treat?
gonorrhea
T/F Fourth Generation Cephalosporins have gram + activity similar to 1st gen and gram - activity similar to 3rd gen including pseudomonas
True
T/F Fourth Generation Cephalosporins are used primarily for nosocomial infections
True
name the fourth generation cephalosporins
cefepime
T/F cefepime is only given parenterally
True
what is cefepime an effective treatment for?
bacterial meningitis
name the fifth generation cephalosporins
ceftaroline fosamil
T/F Fifth Generation Cephalosporins are considered broad spectrum antibiotics
true
T/F Fifth Generation Cephalosporins have gram + activity similar to 1st gen and gram - activity less than 4th gen
True
T/F Fifth Generation Cephalosporins are active against MRSA and VRE
True
T/F ceftaroline fosamil is a prodrug
True
what is ceftaroline fosamil used to treat?
community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAPB) and acute bacterial
skin infections
how is ceftaroline fosamil administered?
parentally
the First monobactam discovered was?
sulfazecin
sulfazecin was produced by a soil microbe called?
Ps. acidophila
T/F Aztreonam is the only monobactam available in the US
True
T/F Aztreonam is considered narrow spectrum
true
T/F Aztreonam has no gram - activity and high activity towards gram +
False, has aerobic gram - activity and no acitivty towards anaerobes and Gram +
how is Aztreonam administered?
only injected
clavulanic acid is considered what drug class?
Class I B-lactamase inhibitor
T/F clavulanic acid is considered weak broad spectrum
true
what is the purpose of using clavulanic acid?
extend the life of penicillin
sulbactam is considered what drug class?
Class I B-lactamase inhibitor
tazobactam is considered what drug class?
Class I B-lactamase inhibitor
sulbactam is good against which infections?
it is not good against which bacteria?
staphs and enterobacteria
pseudomonas
tazobactam is good against which bacteria?
many gram + and - and pseudomonas
Thienamycin is considered what drug class?
Class II B-lactamase inhibitor
imipenem is considered what drug class?
Carbapenem antibiotics
T/F imipenem is extremely broad spectrum
True
T/F imipenem inhibits many gram - B-lactamases
true
meropenem is considered what drug class?
Carbapenem antibiotics
T/F meropenem is extremely broad spectrum
true
T/F meropenem is effective against MRSA
false
ertapenem is considered what drug class?
Carbapenem antibiotics
T/F ertapenem is effective against Ps. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp.
false
doripenem is considered what drug class?
Carbapenem antibiotics
how is doripenem administered?
IV
