BCM11

Question 1

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 1

carbon compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups

Question 2

what is the formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Cn(H2O)n

Question 3

what are the 2 types of monosacharides?

Answer 3

aldoses and ketoses

Question 4

how many enantiomers does glyceraldehyde have?

Answer 4

has a single chiral centre so 2

Question 5

what is the iupac name for glyceraldehyde?

Answer 5

2,3-dihydroxypropropanal

Question 6

what is an aldose?

Answer 6

simple monosaccharide with one aldehyde group

Question 7

what is an example of an aldose?

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

draw glucose in straight chain

Answer 8

-

Question 9

what determines whether a monosaccharide is in d or l form?

Answer 9

absolute configuration of last chiral carbon fruthest from aldehyde or keto group
if its on the righ = d frorm
left = L

Question 10

what are diasteromers?

Answer 10

same atoms not mirror images

Question 11

what are epimers?

Answer 11

pairs of sugars differing in configuration of a single carbon
eg. differ only in c2

Question 12

how do you calculate number of steroisomers?

Answer 12

2^n-2
n= no of carbons in aldose
n= no of chiral centres

Question 13

how do you calculate number of enantiomer pairs?

Answer 13

2n^-1

n= number of chiral centres

Question 14

what happens in aldose hexose if you swap conformation on c5?

Answer 14

get L configuration of sugar
= different name
D glucose -> L idose

Question 15

what happens to monsaccharides in solution?

Answer 15

they form cyclic ring structures

Question 16

what two molecules does D glucose form in solution?

Answer 16

alpha - D- glucopyroanose

beta - D - glucopyranose

Question 17

what are the alpha and beta forms known as in relation to each other?

Answer 17

anomers

Question 18

what is the alpha beta ratio?

Answer 18

1:2

Question 19

in a glucose solution what % will be in open chain form?

Question 20

what does alpha d glucopyranose look like?

Answer 20

Hydrogen pointed upwards on first carbon (carbon which was aldehyde)

Question 21

what does beta d glucopyranose look like?

Answer 21

hydrogen pointing down on first carbon

Question 22

how does d manose differ from d glucose?

Answer 22

c2 carbon epimer

Question 23

how does d galactose differ from d glucose?

Answer 23

c4 epimer

Question 24

how does pyranose ring form? mechanism

Answer 24

nucleophillic attack of the lone pair of the oxygen attatched to the c5 carbon on the c1 carbon

Question 25

what is maltose?

Answer 25

2 units of glucose joined by o-glycosidic bond
alpha or beta c5 d version
= whiskey
alpha-d-glucopyranosyl- (1->4) - alpha-d-glucopyranose

Question 26

what is sucrose?

Answer 26

disachharide
contains glucose and fructose
alpha-d-glycopyranosyl (1->2) - beta- d- fructofuranose

Question 27

what is lactose?

Answer 27

galactose and glucose

beta-d-galactopyranosyl (1->4) - alpha/beta D-glucopyranose

Question 28

what is lactose intolerance?

Answer 28

insufficient lactase
lactose broken down by colon microogranisms
produces lactic acid methane and hydrogen
leads to gut distention flatulance and diarrhoa

Question 29

what is the glycocalyx?

Answer 29

eukaryotic cell surgaces with carbohydrates attatched to proteins and lipids

Question 30

what is a sugar derivitative?

Answer 30

hydroxyl group of sugars can be replaced by other groups

Question 31

what is beta d glucosamine?

Answer 31

c2 hydroxyl replaced by nh2

Question 32

what is beta d acetyl galactosamine?

Answer 32

c2 hydroxyl has been replaced by NHCOCH3

Question 33

what is beta d acetyl glucosamine?

Answer 33

component of chitin

c2 hydroxyl has been replaced by NHCOCH3