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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Basic structure of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Basic structure of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest componenet of the digestibe system ?

A

The gastrointenstinal tract (GIT)

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2
Q

journey of the gastrointestinal tract

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intedtine
  6. Caecum
  7. Rectum
  8. Anus
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3
Q

The Upper GIT consists of

A
  1. The mouth
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. The small intestine- (Duodenum, jejunum + ilium)
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3
Q

The Upper GIT consists of

A
  1. The mouth
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. The small intestine- (Duodenum, jejunum + ilium)
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4
Q

The lower GIT consists of

A
  1. Caecum (start of large intestine- colon)
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum (end of large intestine)
  4. Anus
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5
Q

The lower GIT consists of

A
  1. Caecum (start of large intestine- colon)
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum (end of large intestine)
  4. Anus
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6
Q

general histological theme of GIT:

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Adventita/Serosa
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7
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer, contains the epithelial cells important in lubrication and absorption

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8
Q

Submucosa

A

This layer contains the support network of blood vessels and immune cells to keep the mucosa healthy in addition to attaching it to the muscular layers below

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9
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

The muscles necessary for peristalsis are contained in this layer which propel the food through the GI tract.

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10
Q

Submucosa/Serosa

A
  • The outermost layer which allows the GIT to interact with other tissues around it
  • Consists of several layers of connective tissue
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11
Q

what kind of tissue is serosa adn what organs does it include ?

A

Smooth tissue – All the GIT apart from the oesophagus

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12
Q

what kind of tissue is adventitia and what organs does it include ?

A

Adventitia- Fibrous connective – Oesophagus.

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion ?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
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13
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion ?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
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14
Q

example of mechnical digestion

A
  • Mastication
  • Alimentary muscular contractions
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15
Q

examples of chemicla digestion

A
  1. Stomach
    * Enzymes
    * HCl
  2. Duodenum
    * Enzymes
    * Bile
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16
Q

examples of Chemical-Microbial

A
  • Bacteria produce enzymes capable of chemical digestion
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17
Q

What does the GIT do ?

A
  1. Collecting the nutrients we need as a raw material (food)
  2. Breaking food down (digestion)
  3. Getting rid of the components surplus to requirements or that we can’t digest (excretion).
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18
Q

how does the mouth have mechanical and chemical digestion ?

A
  1. Mechnical

chewing/mastication

  1. Chemical

amylase breaking down starch

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18
Q

how does the mouth have mechanical and chemical digestion ?

A
  1. Mechnical

chewing/mastication

  1. Chemical

amylase breaking down starch

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19
Q

what enzyme is produced by salivary glands around oral activity

A

α-amylase

20
Q

what enzyme is produced by salivary glands around oral activity

A

α-amylase

21
Q

what does Carbohydrases do ?

A

Hydrolyse Carbohydrates (Sugars)

22
Q

what do Proteases/Peptidases do ?

A

Hydrolyse Proteins

23
Q

what does Lipases do ?

A

Hydrolyse Lipids (Fats)

24
Q

what does Nucleases do ?

A

Hydrolyse Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

25
Q

Zymogens:

A
  • Enzymes that are synthesized as inactive precursors (pro-inactive forms) as producing a digestive enzyme inside the cell would lead to autolysis (self digestion)
  • activated by cleavage of one or a few specific peptide bonds by components of the extracellular environment.
26
Q

what does the oesophagus do ?

A

carries food from the mouth to the stomach

27
Q

how is the oesophagus adapted for its function ?

A
  • The mucosa of the oesophagus is a stratified squamous epithelium, the remainder of the GI tract is simple columnar
  • The outermost layer of the oesophagus is an adventitia, the remainder of the GI tract is a serosa
28
Q

what 2 muscles do peristalsis contain ?

A

These two muscle sheets in opposing direction work together to maximize the efficiency of peristalsis

29
Q

where does the oesophagus terminate ?

A

In the stomach

30
Q

GIT historical trend of the stomach

A
  • The mucosa of the stomach is a columnar epithelium, and forms ‘glands’ which house a range of important cell types
  • The muscular layer of the stomach wall contains three layers of muscle (as opposed to two), this ensures efficient mixing , churning and emptying
31
Q

Functions of the stomach:

A
  1. the stomach contains an important protease called pepsin
    Disruption; the acidic environment of the stomach also helps break down some chemical bonds in food- pH- 1.5 - 4
31
Q

Functions of the stomach:

A
  1. the stomach contains an important protease called pepsin
    Disruption; the acidic environment of the stomach also helps break down some chemical bonds in food- pH- 1.5 - 4
32
Q

where is pepsin secreted ?

A

Pepsin is secreted as a zymogen called pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidic environment of the stomach lumen

33
Q

ephitelial cells in the stomach produce….

A

pepsinogen

34
Q

The passage of chyme from the stomach to the first stage of the intestine is controlled by…………

A

the pyloric spincter

34
Q

The passage of chyme from the stomach to the first stage of the intestine is controlled by…………

A

the pyloric spincter

35
Q

what does the chyme contain ?

A

gastric juices + partially digested food

36
Q

what are the 3 distinct areas of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
37
Q

where do the liver and gall bladder exert their role ?

A

in the duodenum

38
Q

what does the liver produce ?

A

Bile

39
Q

the functions of Bile

A
  1. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets which increases the surface area available for enzymes to act upon
  2. Nutralises acid
39
Q

the functions of Bile

A
  1. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets which increases the surface area available for enzymes to act upon
  2. Nutralises acid
40
Q

what is the pancreas and what is its function ?

A
  1. The pancreas is the one of the body’s main sites of enzyme synthesis, it produces a large component of the enzymes required for digestion
41
Q

how does the pancreas have both endocrine and exocrine functions ?

A
  • Acts on distant cells via the circulation, e.g. secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood
  • Acts via ducts or channels rather than blood, e.g. secretion of digestive enzymes into the duodenum
42
Q

what type of enzyme is Trypsin and where is it important ?

A
  • A protease
  • in the duodenum (secreted as trypsinogen)
43
Q

what type of enzyme is Trypsin and where is it important ?

A
  • A protease
  • in the duodenum (secreted as trypsinogen)
44
Q

An enzyme produced by intestinal epithelial cells called……………………….activates trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

44
Q

An enzyme produced by intestinal epithelial cells called……………………….activates trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

45
Q

what are lacterals ?

A
  • Lacteals are capillaries of the lymphatic system found on villi
  • Lipids are transported away from the GIT by the lacteals
46
Q

Functions of the colon/large intestine

A
  • **Site fo water absorption ** and electrolytes from intestinal fluid
  • Compaction of intestinal contents into feces
  • Absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria
  • Storage of fecal material prior to defecation
47
Q

Functions of the colon/large intestine

A
  • **Site fo water absorption ** and electrolytes from intestinal fluid
  • Compaction of intestinal contents into feces
  • Absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria
  • Storage of fecal material prior to defecation

Human Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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