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Dental Science > Basic Cell and Tissue Structure > Flashcards

Basic Cell and Tissue Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit of organization

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Collection of similarly specialized cells

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3
Q

Organ

A

Independent body part formed from tissues (skin, brain, heart)

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4
Q

System

A

Organs functioning together (respiratory system, cardiovascular system)

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5
Q

Cell membrane “the wall”

A

Completely surrounds the cell. Phospholipid bilayer.

Function: Serves as a selective barrier that regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell

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6
Q

Cytoplasm “the glue”

A

Semi-fluid portion of the cell, also contains cytoskeleton and vacuoles
Function: Consists of a gel-like protein that keeps all of the cellular organelles in place.

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7
Q

Nucleus “command center”

A

Largest, densest organelle in the cell; May be single, multiple, or missing
Function: Contains DNA—genetic information stored in chromosomes; Contains RNA—carries DNA to manufacturing parts of cell

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8
Q

Mitochondria “power plant”

A

Oblong bag with inner folds called cristea; Found in all cells
Function: responsible for energy production

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9
Q

Ribosomes “protein factories”

A

Can be free floating or attached to ER.

Function: involved in protein production which is necessary for cell growth and repair

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10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) “hotel ribosome”

A

Rough or smooth. Rough houses ribosomes. Smooth produces lipids and carbs.

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus “UPS”

A

Sorts, packages, and delivers proteins

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12
Q

Lysosomes “garbage men”

A

Act as scavengers to break down substances via phagocytosis

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton “support beams”

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Function: maintain cell shape

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14
Q

Inclusions “supplies”

A

Substances which are transient in the cell.

Function: Store for use at a later time ex. melanin

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15
Q

Organelles

A

metabolically active, specialized structures that allow the cell to function

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16
Q

Identify the basic components of tissues and the hierarchy/organization in the body

A

cell - tissue - organ- system

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17
Q

Identify the functions of organelles

A 
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
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18
Q

Identify components of Interstitial fluid

A

Tissue Fluid: (interstitial fluid): provides a medium for dissolving, mixing, and transporting substances and for carrying out chemical reactions

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19
Q

What are the different types of intercellular junctions.

A

Desmosome & Hemidesmosome

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20
Q

Categorize tissues into four basic tissue types

A

Epithelium (simple & stratified)
Connective Tissue (proper & specialized)
Muscle (voluntary & involuntary)
Nerve (afferent & efferent)

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21
Q

What are the functions of epithelial cells?

A 
Covers and lines the external and internal body surfaces
Tissue absorption 
Secretion
Sensory
Protection from: 
Dehydration
Heat loss
Physical, chemical, and microbial attack
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22
Q

What are the two types of glandular tissue?

A

Exocrine: ducts that carry products out of the body

Endocrine: Ducts are lost and products are carried away from the gland through the blood

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23
Q

Types of Epithelial Cells

A

Squamous:
Cuboidal
Columnar

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24
Q

Classify epithelial tissue according to shape and arrangement of the cells.

A

Squamous: Flat
Cuboidal: Cube Shaped
Columnar: Tall

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25
Q

2 major types of epithelium

A

surface and glandular tissue.

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26
Q

Identify the two major types of connective tissues.

A

Proper (generalized) loose dense…

Specialized (individual jobs)

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27
Q

List proper connective tissue

A

Loose (superficial/papillary layer)

Dense (deep) - Regular & Irregular

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28
Q

Most common cell and fiber type in CT?

A

Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen

29
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A 
support
attachment
packing
insulation
storage
transport
repair
defense
30
Q

Histology of CT

A

Compared to epithelial tissue, connective tissue is composed of fewer cells spaced farther apart and containing larger amounts of (ECM) between the cells.
Most connective tissue is vascular (except cartilage—depends on surrounding CT)

31
Q

Differentiate between the types of nervous systems in the body.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripereral Nervous System
-Spinal and Cranial Nerves

32
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS

33
Q

Axon

A

carries impulses away from the cell body

34
Q

Ganglion

A

group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord. (trigeminal ganglion)

35
Q

Dendrite

A

multi-branched processes that carries impulses toward the cell body

36
Q

Synapse

A

junction between two neurons

37
Q

Innervation

A

supply of nerves to an organ or tissue

38
Q

Plexus

A

network of nerves in a particular area

39
Q

What is the most common WBC in blood?

A

***Neutrophil or polymorphonuclear leukocyte

40
Q

What is an excess of tissue fluid called?

A

Edema

41
Q

What are the two types of extracellular materials?

A

Tissue fluid (Interstitial fluid) and Intercellular substance (ground material)

42
Q

Define extracellular materials

A

Non-cellular material surrounding cells

43
Q

Identify components of ground substance

A

Fills spaces between cells in a tissue (colorless, shapeless, transparent); allows for exchange of gasses and metabolic substances

44
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Cell to cell junction ex: epithelial. Has tonofilaments on both sides

45
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

Junction of a cell to an acellular surface (ex. gingival epithelium attaching to tooth surface) tooth is acellular.
Has tonofilaments on ONE side

46
Q

How long does the oral mucosa take to repair and renew?

A

14 days

47
Q

What connects the epithelial layer to the connective tissue layer?

A

A basement membrane with hemidesmosome attachments.

48
Q

List specialized connective tissue

A 
Bone (rigid)
Cartilage (firm)
Blood (fluid)
Adipose
Elastic
Reticular
49
Q

What are rete ridges (pegs)

A

Extensions of the epithelium into the CT

50
Q

What are the functions of rete ridges?

A

Provides strength to the gingiva

Why ginigiva loops bumpy

51
Q

What is the CT proper in oral mucosa?

A

Lamina propria

52
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

immature CT, has few fibers and an increased amount of blood vessels. Appears as a redder, softer tissue that bleeds easily

53
Q

Where is the dense CT found and what does it consist of?

A

Deeper layer of lamina propria. Consists of protein fibers to give tissues its strength

54
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A

Fibers that run parallel to each other (tendons)

55
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A

Nutrient and nerve source that reach into loose CT for epithelium and form an irregular pattern

56
Q

Repair of CT is through what what kind of development?

A

Granulation tissue; may need to be surgically removed

57
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrous

58
Q

What gives bones its hardness?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite (same as enamel, dentin, and cementum)

59
Q

If the body is calcium deficient where will the body get its calcium from?

A

The bones

60
Q

What is the dental application of bone formation?

A

Orthodontics

61
Q

What are the types of luekocytes?

A

Neutrophils, lymphyocytes, monocytes (macrophages), eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

62
Q

What is the most common types of leukocyte in CT?

A

Monocytes (macrophages)

63
Q

What are the two types of muscle tissue?

A

Voluntary and involuntary

64
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Somatic control: Skeletal muscle

65
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Autonomic control: cardiac and smooth

66
Q

What are the two different types of nerves and their functions?

A

Afferent: sends signals to CNS
Efferent: sends them away

67
Q

Sympathetic NS?

A

Flight or fight response

68
Q

Parasympathic NS?

A

Rest and digest system

Dental Science (27 decks)

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