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Biology > B9 - transport in animals > Flashcards

B9 - transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

circulatory system definition

A

system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

functions of the heart? [2]

A

-contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles
-action of the valves

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3
Q

what is the activity of the heart monitored by? [3]

A

-ECG (electrocardiogram)
-pulse rate
-listening to sounds of valves closing

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4
Q

what is a coronary heart disease?

A

blockage of coronary arteries

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5
Q

risk factors of coronary heart disease? (factors that could lead to coronary heart disease) [6]

A

-diet
–> eating more saturated fat increases cholesterol levels, increases chance of plaque buildup

-lack of exercise

-stress
–> hormones are produced, may increase blood pressure, increases chance of blockage

-smoking
–> nicotine causes blood vessels to become narrower, increasing blood pressure, leading to buildup of fat globules (if build up is in heart = coronary heart disease)

-genetic predisposition
–> partly genetic basis
–> people with a history of coronary heart disease in their family are likely to develop it themselves

-age
–> older = risk of developing
coronary heart disease increases

-sex
–>males are more likely to develop coronary heart disease than females

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6
Q

what can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?

A

-diet
–>reducing saturated fat and salt
–> lots of fruits and vegetables
-exercise
–>lowers blood pressure

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7
Q

what are the 4 components of blood?

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
-plasma

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8
Q

function of red blood cells?

A

transporting oxygen around the body

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9
Q

function of white blood cells? [2]

A

-antibody production
-fighting diseases

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10
Q

function of platelets

A

-clotting of blood

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11
Q

function of plasma [2]

A

transport dissolved substances
–> they are dissolved in plasma
–> minerals, blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones, carbon dioxide

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12
Q

what are the roles of blood clotting? [2]

A

-prevents blood loss
-prevents entry of pathogens

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13
Q

what is a single circulatory system? who has it?

A

one loop until its back to heart

fish has it

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14
Q

what is a double circulatory system? who has it?

A

2 circuits from heart, blood passes through heart twice for every circuit of the body

mammals have it

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15
Q

2.5 advantages of a double circulation system?

A

-blood can be pumped at a higher pressure to the body
-blood can be pumped faster to the body
–> oxygen delivered quicker for respiration (also to keep body temperature constant)

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16
Q

what is diastole?

A

relaxed / at rest

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17
Q

what is systole

A

contracted

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18
Q

pulse definition

A

stretch and recoil of the artery wall
–> every time ventricles contract and push out a surge of blood

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19
Q

why do athletes have slower heart rates?

A

exercise makes heart stronger, more force, more blood pushed out in one beat than unfit person
–> same blood pumped, less beats

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20
Q

what is recovery time?

A

time taken for the pulse rate to return to the resting rate

21
Q

how can recovery time be used?

A

it shows how well the heart is working / how fit you are / fitness levels

22
Q

what is the heart made of? why?

A

cardiac muscle because it doesn’t fatigue

23
Q

what is the effect of physical activity on heart rate?

A

-during physical activity, muscles need to contract more
-more energy is needed
-more respiration needs to happen
-more oxygen and glucose is needed from blood
-heart has to pump the blood faster
-increases pulse rate
-eventually oxygenated blood is delivered to the muscles

24
Q

circulatory system order?

A

arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> viens

25
Q

artery features? [3]

A

-thick walls of muscle and elastic fibres + thick outer wall
–> withstand high pressure of blood
-elastic
–> stretch and recoil with each surge of blood as heart beats
-smooth lining
–> so no obstruction to flow of blood

26
Q

capillary function? [2]

A

carry blood close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
–> give glucose & oxygen, take away wastes (CO2, urea)

allow exchange of substances between blood and cells

27
Q

capillary features? [1]

A

-thin (one cell thick) permeable walls
–> shorter diffusion distance, diffusion rate increases

28
Q

vein features? [3]

A

-big lumen
–> help blood flow even though the blood pressure is low
-thin walls
–> low pressure so walls don’t need to be thick
-contain one way valves
–> help blood flowing in right direction despite lower pressure

29
Q

what are shunt vessels? function? [2]

A

-blood vessels that connect veins directly to arteries
-blood doesn’t need to travel through capillaries

30
Q

3 types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries
-veins
-capillaries

31
Q

where is oxygen and glucose in blood?

A

plasma

32
Q

what does plasma become near cells?

A

tissue fluid

33
Q

capillary adaptations for exchange of substances?

A

-one- cell thick capillary walls
–> short diffusion distance
-highly branched ()large surface area)
–> more place for substances to diffuse
-constantly supplied with fresh food
–> concentration gradient is constantly maintained

34
Q

features of red blood cells [3]

A

-biconcave shape
–> surface area increases, diffusion rate of oxygen into cell and carbon dioxide out of cell increases
-contains haemoglobin
–> binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
-no nucleus
–> more space for haemoglobin

35
Q

features of plasma

A

-straw coloured liquid
-blood cells float in it
-over 90% of it is water

36
Q

where is excess water taken to from?

A

from large intestines to kidneys (kidneys remove water)

37
Q

2 types of white blood cells?

A

phagocytes
lymphocytes

38
Q

phagocytes function?

A

-fight diseases
-change shape to engulf and digest pathogens / microorganisms by phagocytosis

39
Q

lymphocytes function?

A

-fight diseases
-produce antibodies to fight pathogens (antibodies fight antigens on pathogens)

40
Q

what do coronary arteries do?

A

-supply heart muscle itself with oxygen, glucose, other nutrients
-remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

41
Q

how do coronary arteries get blocked?

A

fatty deposits called plaques
–> mainly cholestrol

42
Q

what does partial blockage mean?

A

less blood flow to cardiac muscle cells

43
Q

what is the result of partial blockage?

A

severe chest pains (angina)

44
Q

what does complete blockage mean?

A

no blood flow to cardiac muscle

45
Q

what is the process and result of complete blockage?

A

no respiration –> no oxygen and glucose to cells –> no energy –> muscle cells can’t contract
–> results in heart attack

46
Q

what does ecg measure?

A

electrical activity of the heart

47
Q

what does an ecg tell you?

A

rhythm of heart beat

48
Q

what is an echocardiogram?

A

uses ultrasound to take pictures of muscles and valves

49
Q

3 ways to assess regularity of heart

A

-ecg
–> irregular pattern of heart beat may be a sign of heart disease
-pulse rate
–> unusual changes could indicate problems with the heart’s nervous system
-heart sounds
–> less clear lub-dub sound of the heart might mean valves are leaking as the sound is caused by heart’s valves closing in sequence

Biology (23 decks)

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