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Biology > B10 - Disease and Immunity > Flashcards

B10 - Disease and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen definition

A

disease causing (micro) organism

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2
Q

transmissable disease definition

A

disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

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3
Q

how is a pathogen transmitted? [2]

A

direct contact and indirectly

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4
Q

examples of direct contact transmission [2]

A

-blood / other body fluids
-direct contact

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5
Q

examples of indirect transmission [5]

A

-contaminated surfaces
-contaminated foods
-contaminated animals
-contaminated air (airborne)
-vectors

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6
Q

5 body defenses against pathogens? what are these called?

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE:
-skin
-hairs in the nose
-mucus
-stomach acid
-white blood cells

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7
Q

5 ways to control the spread of disease

A

-clean water supply
-hygienic food preparation
-good personal hygiene
-waste disposal
-sewage treatment

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8
Q

active immunity definition

A

defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body

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9
Q

antibodies definition

A

proteins that bind to antigens

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10
Q

what do antibodies do to pathogens?

A

-direct destruction of pathogens
-marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes

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11
Q

how is active immunity gained? [2]

A

-after an infection by a pathogen
-vaccination

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12
Q

what is the process of vaccination?

A

1) weakened pathogens / their antigens are put into the body

2) antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies

3) memory cells are produced that give long term immunity

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13
Q

what conditions do pathogens need to reproduce? [3]

A

-warm environment
-food / nutrients
-moisture

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14
Q

disease definition

A

state of the body when it can’t cope with changes by the normal homeostatic methods

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15
Q

what are parasites?

A

pathogens that benefit from the host but the host is harmed

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16
Q

what pathogen is flu caused by?

A

virus

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17
Q

what pathogen is TB caused by?

A

bacteria

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18
Q

what pathogen is athlete’s foot caused by?

A

fungus

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19
Q

what pathogen is malaria caused by?

A

protoctist

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20
Q

3 examples of non-transmissible disease

A

-cancer
-colour blindness
-cystic fibrosis

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21
Q

what are non transmissible diseases caused by? [2]

A

-genetics
-diet/lifestyle

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22
Q

4 facts about viruses

A

-they are particles, not cells
-no cellular structure (just protein coat & genetic material)
-can only reproduce inside other living cells
-they are both pathogens and parasites

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23
Q

direct contact definition

A

directly from one organism to another

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24
Q

indirect contact definition

A

from one organism to another via an intermediate

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25
Q

how is flu transmitted?

A

airborne - inhaling droplets in the air containing the pathogen after someone has sneezed / coughed

26
Q

how is cholera transmitted?

A

water - drinking contaminated water

27
Q

how is food poisoning transmitted?

A

food - eating contaminated food

28
Q

how is athlete’s foot transmitted?

A

direct contact - touching infected objects / people

29
Q

how is malaria transmitted?

A

animal vectors - getting bit by an infected insect
open wounds which allow the entry of pathogens

30
Q

how is chlamydia transmitted?

A

sex - sexual intercourse with an infected person

31
Q

how does the freezer and fridge help reduce the transmission of pathogens?

A

fridge - slows down pathogens’ reproduction
freezer - stops pathogens’ reproduction

32
Q

process of cleaning water supply

A

filter and add chlorine

33
Q

how does clean water supply prevent transmission of disease?

A

kills pathogens while cleaning

34
Q

process of hygienic food preparation [4]

A

-CLEAN cooking utensils and surfaces during food preparation
-SEPARATE cooked and uncooked foods to avoid contamination
-COOK food thoroughly and well to destroy any remaining pathogens (bacteria)
-CHILL food to slow down / stop pathogens’/bacterias’ reproduction

35
Q

how does hygienic food preparation prevent transmission of disease? [3]

A

Reduces the spread of pathogens as during the process, pathogens are killed

36
Q

process of good personal hygiene

A

wash hands and body

37
Q

how does good personal hygiene prevent transmission of disease?

A

prevents the spread of disease:
-we are less likely to become ill, which means less likely to pass on harmful microorganisms
-during the process, pathogens are killed

38
Q

process of effective waste disposal

A

-not letting rubbish build up
-separating infected things such as used bandages and needles

39
Q

how does effective waste disposal prevent transmission of disease?

A

prevents the spread of disease
-food waste may have harmful microorganisms
–> these may be spread by animals (rats & birds) or humans

40
Q

process of sewage treatment

A

good system for treatment of sewage
-treated water
-faeces (may contain pathogens) are removed from waste water

41
Q

how does sewage treatment prevent transmission of disease?

A

-removes harmful bacteria & dangerous chemicals
-prevents contaminating house water or rivers (may effect the ecosystem)

42
Q

2 mechanical barriers to stop pathogens from getting in to our bodies

A

-skin
-hairs in nose

43
Q

2 chemical barriers to stop pathogens from getting in to our bodies

A

-stomach acid
-mucus (ciliated cells)

44
Q

how does the skin stop pathogens from getting in to our bodies? [2]

A

-when skin is broken (cut), scab forms quickly as temporary barrier to stop entry of pathogens
-acts as a physical barrier

45
Q

how do hairs in the nose stop pathogens from getting in to our bodies? [2]

A

-stops air pathogens from going in to the lungs (which could cause infections)
-traps particles from the air that could contain pathogens

46
Q

how does stomach acid stop pathogens from getting in to our bodies? [2]

A

-stomach acid kills pathogens that enter
-stomach acid kills the mucus that we swallow

47
Q

how does mucus stop pathogens from getting in to our bodies? [3]

A

-mucus traps air particles & pathogens in the air
-cells lining trachea secrete mucus
-mucus is drafted back up to the throat (via cilia cells) to be swallowed to the stomach

48
Q

what happens if microorganisms enter our blood stream? [2]

A

immune system prevents the microorganisms using white blood cells (phagocytes & lymphocytes)

49
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

50
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

make antibodies

51
Q

antigen + antibody facts [2]

A

-antibody and antigen are complementary in shape
-every type of micro organism has a different antigen so a different antibody is needed to match them

52
Q

function of phagocytes? [2]

A

-engulf and digest pathogens
-kill pathogens by phagocytosis

53
Q

function of lymphocytes? [2]

A

make antibodies to destroy pathogens / mark them for the phagocytes

54
Q

3 adaptations of phagocytes

A

-contain digestive enzymes in the cytoplasm
-irregular shape to squeeze through gaps in capillary walls
-sensitive cell membrane to detect micro organisms

55
Q

2 adaptations of lymphocytes

A

-pathogens have special protein markers
-large nucleus that contains many copies of genes for antibody production

56
Q

what does it mean to be immune to a disease?

A

your body has antibodies in your blood so you can’t catch the disease

57
Q

how does vaccination work? [2]

A

-causes lymphocytes to produce antibodies to that pathogen (stimulating an immune response)

58
Q

what 2 things does vaccination cause your body to produce?

A

-antibodies
-memory cells (long lasting immunity)

59
Q

what do memory cells do?

A

keep instructions for making a type of antibody for when the real pathogen enters the body

60
Q

why are memory cells important? [3]

A

next time the pathogen enters, antibodies can be made very quickly and in large quantities
–> pathogen is destroyed before it can reproduce to cause illness

61
Q

2 ways vaccination can control the spread of disease [4]

A

-individuals who are vaccinated are immune
–> they won’t develop the infection and pass it on to someone else

herd immunity:
-when a large enough percentage of a population has been vaccinated, it helps protect individuals that haven’t been vaccinated
–> less likely to catch disease because there are fewer people to catch it from (fewer places for the pathogen to reproduce)

Biology (25 decks)

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