B7.2 & B7.3 - Human Nutrition

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

The taking of substances into the body (food and drink)

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

The breakdown of food

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

The movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

Uptake and use of nutrients by cells

Question 5

Egestion

Answer 5

The removal of undigested food from the body as faeces

Question 6

Physical/mechanical digestion

Answer 6

Breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

Question 7

What does physical digestion do?

Answer 7

Increase the surface area of food for the action of enzymes in chemical digestion

Question 8

Chemical digestion

Answer 8

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

Question 9

What is the role of chemical digestion?

Answer 9

Producing small soluble molecules that can be absorbed

Question 10

What does the amylase do?

Answer 10

break down starch into simple reducing sugars (maltose and glucose)

Question 11

What do proteases do?

Answer 11

break down protein to amino acids

Question 12

What do lipase do?

Answer 12

break down fats and oils to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 13

Where is the amylase secreted (produced)?

Answer 13

Salivary glands and Pancreas

Question 14

Where does the amylase act?

Answer 14

duodenum

Question 15

where is the protease secreted (produced)?

Answer 15

Pancreas

Question 16

where does the protease act?

Answer 16

duodenum

Question 17

where is the lipase secreted (produced)?

Answer 17

Pancreas

Question 18

where does the lipase act?

Answer 18

duodenum

Question 19

what is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

Answer 19

-kill harmful microorganisms in food
-provide an acidic pH (optimum pH) for optimum enzyme activity of proteases in the stomach

Question 20

what is bile?

Answer 20

alkaline mixture that neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action in the small intestine

Question 21

what is the role of bile?

Answer 21

emulsifying fats and oils to increase the surface area for chemical digestion

Question 22

defaecation

Answer 22

some excretory materials added to egested substances and expelled from the body as faeces during defaecation

Question 23

process of salivary glands

Answer 23

three pairs that produce saliva and pour it into the mouth through salivary ducts

Question 24

process of oesophagus

Answer 24

muscular tube which helps food move to stomach by peristalsis. (connects the mouth and stomach)

Question 25

process of liver

Answer 25

(produces bile), which helps to neutralise acidic chyme and also emulsifies fats. Important in assimilation

Question 26

process of stomach

Answer 26

muscular bag which stores food for a short time, and mixes food with acidic digestive juices to form the creamy liquid called chyme

(Churns food up with its muscular walls.
Produces the protease enzyme, pepsin.
produces gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid,
to kill bacteria in food (because it has a low pH which denatures the enzmes in the harmful microorganisms),
and to give an acid pH for the enzyme pepsin to work (optimum pH is 2)

Question 27

process of gall bladder

Answer 27

(stores bile) before pouring it into the duodenum through the bile duct

Question 28

process of duodenum

Answer 28

first part of the samll intestine, where semi-liquid food is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile

Question 29

process of pancreas

Answer 29

produces pancreatic juice that contains enzymes, mucus, and hydrogen carbonate which neutralises acidic chyme. This is then poured into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct

(produces protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes.
Releases these enzymes into the small intestine)

Question 30

process of mouth

Answer 30

food enters the alimentary canal. It is converted to a bolus of food. It’s produced by teeth, tongue, and saliva during mastication. It gets food ready for swallowing

(salivary glands in the mouth produce amylase enzyme in the saliva, teeth break down food)

Question 31

process of ileum

Answer 31

longest part of the small intestine, where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymphatic system

Question 32

process of large intestine

Answer 32

It is wider than the small intestine. The colon is part of the large intestine. It reabsorbs water from gut contents; also absorbs some vitamins and minerals
(where excess water is absorbed from the food)

Question 33

process of rectum

Answer 33

stores faeces before expelling them at a convenient time

(last part of large intestine
where the faeces, made up mainly of indigestible food, are stored before they are passed out through the anus)

Question 34

process of anus

Answer 34

exit for faeces defaecation is controlled by two anal sphincters. constipation is the inability to expel the faeces, it can result if theres not enough fiber in the diet. The faeces become too dry and hard to pass easily out of the rectum

Question 35

process of small intestine

Answer 35

produces protease (trypsin), amylase, and lipase enzymes to complete digestion.
Where nutrients are absorbed out of the alimentary canal, into the body
Where most of the water is absorbed into the body.
Has 2 parts - Duodenum & Ileum