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Biology > B6 - Plant nutrition > Flashcards

B6 - Plant nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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2
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment that is found in chloroplasts

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3
Q

word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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4
Q

balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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5
Q

what does chlorophyll do?

A

transfers energy from light into energy in chemicals for the synthesis of carbohydrates

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6
Q

What 5 carbohydrates are made in photosynthesis? what are their uses?

A

starch - energy store
cellulose - build cell walls
glucose - respiration to provide energy
sucrose - transport in the phloem
nectar - attract insects for pollination

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7
Q

why is nitrate ions important?

A

it makes amino acids & proteins

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8
Q

why is magnesium ions important

A

it makes chlorophyll (for photosynthesis)

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9
Q

what are the 3 factors needed for photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide

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10
Q

what 3 factors effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-light intensity
-carbon dioxide concentration
-temperature

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11
Q

what 2 features are adaptations for photosynthesis? how do they help?

A

large surface area - absorb lots of sunlight
thin - gases don’t have to travel far (diffusion distance small)

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12
Q

function of waxy cuticle?

A

-waterproofs the leaf –> prevents water loss

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13
Q

function of upper epidermis?

A

-protective layer & barrier to disease organisms
-allows sunlight to penetrate

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14
Q

function of Palisade Mesophyll Layer?

A

-absorption of light for photosynthesis

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15
Q

function of spongey mesophyll layer (air spaces)?

A

-allows gas exchange during photosynthesis (carbon dioxide to cells, oxygen from cells)

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16
Q

function of vascular bundle

A

-delivers water
-carries organic products of photosynthesis (glucose) away
-contains xylem vessels (bring water and minerals to the leaf / support the leaf and stem)
-contains phloem vessels (transports sucrose sugar & amino acids away from the leaf)

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17
Q

function of lower epidermis

A

-protective layer
-contains stomata / guard cells

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18
Q

function of stomata (guard cells)

A

-regulate whether the stomata is open or closed
-allows carbon dioxide in
-regulates the loss of water vapour during transpiration

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19
Q

how are chloroplasts adapted for photosynthesis?

A

contains many chloroplasts

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20
Q

how are cuticles adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-thicker on upper surface –> more exposed to sunlight
-reduces water loss

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21
Q

how are guard cells and stomatas adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-less exposed to sunlight –> water doesn’t evaporate much

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22
Q

how are the upper and lower epidermis’ adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-one cell thick –> less diffusion distance
-transparent –> allows free passage of light
-prevents entry of disease causing organisms (bacteria & fungi)

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23
Q

how is the palisade mesophyll layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-thin
-narrow air spaces
-contains many chloroplasts
-dense packaging
-near leaf surface
——> maximum absorbtion of light energy

-next to airspaces –> chloroplasts can receive carbon dioxide / release oxygen (gas exchange)
-next to vascular bundle –> receive water / send sucrose

24
Q

how is the spongey mesophyll layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-loosely packed
-covered in a thin layer of water
-air spaces present –> allows gas exchange (water diffuses out)

25
Q

how are air spaces adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-aid diffusion of gases
-saturated with water vapour –> water diffuses out of leaf
-allows gas exchange

26
Q

how are vascular bundles adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-contains xylem and phloem vessels

27
Q

producers

A

make their own food

28
Q

why doesnt photosythensis happen in the roots?

A

no light –> no photosynthesis

29
Q

how does the carbon dioxide get into the leaf?

A

diffuses into the bottom, into little holes/pores called stomata

30
Q

is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

A

endothermic - needs energy to keep it going

31
Q

what does the plant use glucose for?

A

respiration and growth

32
Q

how and where is extra glucose stored?

A

stored as starch in the leaf

33
Q

increase biomass using glucose?

A

growth increases biomass

34
Q

how does water enter the plant?

A

roots (root hairs), by osmosis,

35
Q

where does water come from?

A

soil

36
Q

how does water travel to the vessels?

A

xylem vessel

37
Q

how are roots adapted to increase water uptake?

A

root hair cells increase surface area

38
Q

what does chlorophyll do?

A

transfers light energy into chemical energy

39
Q

why do plants make nectar?

A

to attract insects

40
Q

why is it important that glucose is stores as staarch in some plants

A

no sunlight –> can’t photosynthesize –> glucose for respiration at night

41
Q

deficient in magnesium?

A

poor growth and yellowish leaves

42
Q

deficient in nitrates

A

very ittle growth

43
Q

how are minerals gotten?

A

-absorbed from the soil –> using active transport

44
Q

how are plants adapted to get minerals?

A

-large surface area –> easier
-root hair cells have many mitochondria –> release energy

45
Q

what does it mean to destarch a plant?

A

leave plant in dark for at least 24 hours to get rid of all stored starch

46
Q

test for need of chlorophyll during photosynthesis

A

use a variegated leaf and test for starch

47
Q

test for need of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

A

leaf is destarched then air tight bag is put on the leaf and soda lime is added in the bag

48
Q

test for need of light during photosynthesis

A

leaf is destarched then a material that light can’t go through is placed on some parts of the leaf (uncovered parts = control) . the leaf is put in light for at least 24 hours.

49
Q

test a leaf for starch

A

1) boil in water for 2 mins - stop enzyme action, easier penetration by ethanol, break cell wall
2) leaf is warmed in ethanol until colourless - extract chlorophyll so results are easier to see
3) leaf dipped in warm water briefly - soften the brittle leaf, allow penetration by iodine solution
4) leaf placed on white tile and iodine solution is added - iodine shows presence of starch, white tile has greater contrast in colour=easier to see

50
Q

why do plants use up their stored starch when placed in the dark?

A

-no light so plant can’t photosynthesize
-needs glucose for respiration so it uses the stored starch (glucose) for energy

51
Q

improvement: bubble volume varies

A

use gas syringe / upturned measuring cylinder

52
Q

improvement: number of bubbles could be miscounted

A

film it / have multiple people counting

53
Q

improvement: lamp could have increased the water temperature

A

heat sync (tank of water between lamp and plant case to absorb heat)

54
Q

conclusion structure

A

as independant variable increases/decreases, dependent variable increases/decreases. This means that as a factor of photosynthesis increases/decreases, the rate of photosynthesis increases/decreases. This is because factor is needed for photosynthesis.

55
Q

is carbon dioxide acidic or alkaline

A

acidic

56
Q

compensation point

A

when rate of photosynthesis is exactly equal to the rate of respiration - no net uptake or loss of carbon dioxide or oxygen - glucose consumed by respiration is exactly equal to glucose produced during photosynthesis

Biology (23 decks)

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