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Physiology > B8 L7 > Flashcards

B8 L7 Flashcards

1
Q

Innermost Mucosal Layer

A

consists of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

Epithelium

A

digests and absorbs food

secrete regulatory substances

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3
Q

Lamina Propria

A

beneath epithelium
CT
glands, nerve endings, capillaries, lymph vessels

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4
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A

smooth muscle

increases epithelial surface area by folding mucosal layer

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5
Q

Muscularis Externus

A

smooth muscle

in contact with myenteric plexus

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6
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

integration and coordination center of nervous system

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7
Q

Serosa

A

mesentery

holds GI tract in place with connections to abdominal wall

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8
Q

4 Layers of GI

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
2 Muscular Layer
Serosa

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9
Q

Gastrin

A

from Gastric Antrum

causes stim of parietal cells to secrete H+ and ECL cells to secrete histamine

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10
Q

CCK

A

from duodenum
inhibits gastric emptying and H+ secretion
stim pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, inhibit food intake

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11
Q

Secretin

A

from duodenum

stim pancreatic duct secretion

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12
Q

GIP

A

from intestine K cells

stim insulin secretion

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13
Q

Extrinsic Center

A

ANS innervation

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14
Q

Extrinsic PNS Division

A

increases GI function

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15
Q

Extrinsic SNS Division

A

reduces GI function

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16
Q

Extrinsic Afferents

A

back to CNS
info on meal contents and wall stretch
reflex arcs on vagus- vagovagal reflexes

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17
Q

Intrinsic Center

A

input from sensory cells in gut
integrate and send info to mm and enteroendocrine cells
modulated by ANS

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18
Q

Intrinsic w/o ANS

A

gut can function w/o

release NE/ Ach and GI hormones

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19
Q

GI Reflex Arc W/in Gut

A

control secretions, motility

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20
Q

GI Reflex Arc to Prevertebral Ganglia

A

info sent from one area of gut to another

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21
Q

GI Reflex Arc to Brain

A

pain, motor function, defecation reflex

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22
Q

Slow Waves

A

generated by pacemaker cells in gut wall

carried via gap junctions to rest of smooth muscle

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23
Q

Spike Potentials

A

when slow waves initiate APs
higher slow wave = more spikes
threshold = -40 mV
through slow calcium channels

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24
Q

Peristalsis

A

contraction moves food through intestines
relaxation before food mvmt
requires myenteric plexus

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25
Q

Segmentation

A

splits up food in intestines

no forward mvmt

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26
Q

Local Control of Blood Flow

A

dependent upon metabolic demand (02) of tissue- increases after a meal

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27
Q

Hormonal Control of Blood Flow

A

CCK, VIP, and other paracrine substances released by gut to increase flow

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28
Q

Neural Control of Blood Flow

A

SNS reduces flow

PNS increases flow

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29
Q

Cephalic Response to Meal

A

prepares tract for food

initiated by smell, sight, thought of food

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30
Q

Oral Response to Meal

A

same as cephalic

food in mouth increases response

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31
Q

Esophageal Response to Meal

A

propelling food from mouth to stomach

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32
Q

Gastric Response to Meal

A

storage, mixing, protein digestion

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33
Q

Duodenal Response to Meal

A

SI

digestion and absorption

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34
Q

Intestinal Response to Meal

A 
LI or Colonic
digestion and absorption
reabsorb water
gut flora produce vitamins
storage and excretion
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35
Q

Cephalic and Oral Phase Stim to GI

A

increases salivary secretions
gastric acid secretions
exocrine pancreas secretion
release of bile from gallbladder

36
Q

Saliva

A

begins digestion

from filtered plasma

37
Q

Saliva Composition

A

hypotonic and alkaline- decrease with higher flow rates

high K+ and HCO3- lvls

38
Q

Amylase

A

in saliva

breaks down carbs

39
Q

Lipase

A

in saliva

digest lipids

40
Q

Mucin

A

in saliva

lubrication

41
Q

Lysozyme

A

in saliva

antibacterial- cleans teeth

42
Q

Acinar Secretion

A

SNS (B1 and B2)- increases a little

PNS (M3)- increases a lot

43
Q

Saliva and Blood Flow

A

SNS (a1)- reduce flow- less made

PNS (M3)- increase flow- more made

44
Q

Ends oral phase and begins esophageal phase

A

swallowing

45
Q

Upper Sphincter of Esophagus

A

striated mm; protects trachea from swallowed food and gastric reflux
opens due to swallowing reflex

46
Q

Lower Sphincter of Esophagus

A

smooth mm; protects esophagus from gastric reflux

47
Q

Stomach Chemical Secretion

A

acid, mucus, water, HCO3-, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor

48
Q

Cardia

A

behind Lower Esophageal Sphincter

makes mucous

49
Q

Parietal

A

proximal stomach

oxyntic glands containing parietal and chief cells

50
Q

Pyloric

A

distal stomach

pyloric glands w/ G cells and mucous cells

51
Q

Chief Cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

52
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete acid

pH of 0.8

53
Q

G Cells

A

secrete gastrin

54
Q

Mucous Cells

A

secrete mucous

55
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

makes H+ and HCO3-
H+ = pumped into stomach
HCO3- = exchanged for Cl- w/ blood

56
Q

Stomach’s Mucous Coat is….

A

alkaline- lots of HCO3-

57
Q

Pepsinogen

A

activated by low pH, converted to pepsin
starts protein digestion
Ach increases releases

58
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

secreted by parietal cells

needed for B12 absorption

59
Q

ECL Cells

A

release histamine onto parietal cells
increases acid production
activated by gastrin

60
Q

Gastrin is released in response to _____ in meal

A

protein

61
Q

Somatostatin

A

from D cells

inhibit gastrin release

62
Q

Stomach Receptive Relaxation

A

vasovagal reflex where stretch of wall causes relaxation and more stretch
mainly upper parts

63
Q

Every 5 mixing waves make…

A

peristaltic wave

moves chyme through pyloric sphincter

64
Q

Increasing Gastric Emptying

A

PNS
stretch
gastrin
faster SI digestion time

65
Q

CCK released in response to…

A

fats in chyme

inhibit emptying

66
Q

Secretin released in response to…..

A

acidic chyme

inhibit emptying

67
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) released in response to….

A

fat and carbs in chyme

inhibit emptying

68
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

damage to lining of GI tract

69
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Loss of intrinsic factor
no B12 absorption
no new RBCs

70
Q

Duodenum

A

most digestion

71
Q

Jejunum

A

most absorption

72
Q

Ileum

A

absorbs bile, B12, leftovers

73
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

increased pancreatic secretions

increased gallbladder contraction

74
Q

Acinar Cells

A

secrete amylase and lipase in response to PNS and CCK

75
Q

S Cells

A

sense pH and release secretin which increases HCO3- secretion

76
Q

CCK

A

increases enzyme secretion

77
Q

Secretin

A

increase HCO3-

78
Q

Bile

A

aids to digest and absorb lipids via micelles

79
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A

in Si
secrete mucus that protects wall from acid
reduced by SNS

80
Q

Amylase

A

breaks down starch to maltose

81
Q

SGLT1 Transporter

A

co transport glucose and galactose with sodium into cell

82
Q

GLUT2

A

glucose and galactose transport into blood

83
Q

GLUT5

A

Transports fructose into blood

84
Q

Activates Pepsinogen

A

low pH

85
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

86
Q

Large Intestine

A

reabsorbs water and bacteria- made products

87
Q

Haustration

A

mixing w/ forward movement in LI

Physiology (17 decks)

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