B8 L4 Flashcards
Pacreas Endocrine Function
releases hormones involved in blood sugar homeostasis
Pancreas Exocrine Function
release digestive juices into SI
B cells
release insulin
a cells
release glucagon
Delta cells
release somatostatin
F cells
release pancreatic polypeptide
Epsilon cells
release Ghrelin
Insulin Structure
A, B, C chain
C removed during production and secreted w/ insulin
Degrades Insulin
Liver
Presence of C Chain
T2D
No C Chain
T1D
Insulin secreted when….
blood glucose is high
GLUT 4
insulin dependent glucose transporter in muscle and fat
GLUT 2
transports glucose into B cells
Insulin Functions
cause storage of excess energy
decreases blood glucose, fat levels, aa levels, K+ levels
feel less hungry
Insulin action for decreasing blood glucose levels
causes GLUT 4 to insert to cell membrane
reduce gluconeogenesis
Insulin action for decreasing blood fat levels
inhibits lipolysis
reduces ketoacid production
Insulin action for decreasing blood amino acid levels
increases protein synthesis
Insulin action for decreasing K+ blood levels
K taken up into cells by increasing Na K ATPase activity
T1D
destruction of B cells- no insulin made increases blood glucose, lipid, protein muscle wasting ketoacidosis diuresis, acidosis, hyperkalemia
Treatment for T1D
insulin therapy FOREVER
T2D
loss of insulin sensitivity from high lvls of blood glucose
retinal problems
Treatment for T2D
excercise, diet
Metformin- increase insulin receptors
Glucagon Function
release of stored energy
increase blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis
Stim Glucagon release
low blood glucose
high protein intake
fasting or exercise
Hyperglucagonemia
high blood glucose
weight loss
can cause T2D
necrolytic migratory erythema
Somatostatin
inhibit growth hormone and secretion of insulin and glucagon
stim by food- modulates response
Pancreatic Polypeptide
regulate all pancreas functions
increased after protein meal, fasting, exercise
decreased by somatostatin
Ghrelin
released when hungry
inhibits secretion of insulin
PTH and Vit D
increase blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
reduce blood calcium levels
PTH Actions
increase phosphate excretion and Ca reabsorption in kidney
dissolves bone
activates Vit D
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
too much PTH
hypercalcemia, weak bones, hypophosphatemia
Secondary Hyperparathroidism
from renal failure
Vit D can’t be activated in kidney
hypocalcemia, weak bones
Hypoparathyroidism
from thyroid removal
hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia
Calcitonin
released by C cells of thyroid
inhibits bone breakdown
increases phosphate excretion and reduces Ca reabsorption
Vitamin D
needed for calcium reabsorption from diet
need UV light and kidneys to make
PTH increases its production
Rickets
lack of Vit D
weak bones
