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Physiology > B8 L6 > Flashcards

B8 L6 Flashcards

1
Q

Testes

A

make sperm and testosterone

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2
Q

Ovaries

A

produce ova and estrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

Germ Cells

A

haploid cells that allow for reproduction

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4
Q

XX Germ Cells

A

make oogonia

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5
Q

XY Germ Cells

A

make sperm

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6
Q

SRY

A

initiates development of testes

if no Y, ovaries developed

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7
Q

XX Theca Cells

A

make progesterone and testosterone

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8
Q

XX Granulosa Cells

A

make progesterone and estrogen from testosterone

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9
Q

XY Sertoli Cells

A

make anti-mullerian hormone

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10
Q

XY Leydig Cells

A

make testosterone

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11
Q

Phenotypic XX

A

Internal- uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina

External- clitoris, labia, lower vagina

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12
Q

Phenotypic XY

A

Internal- epididymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts
External- penis and scrotum

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13
Q

Wolffian Ducts in Females

A

degenerate

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14
Q

Mullerian Ducts in Females

A

develop into internal genitalia

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15
Q

Wolffian Ducts in Males

A

develop into internal genitalia

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16
Q

Mullerian Ducts in Males

A

degenerate because of secretion of anti-Mullerian hormone

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17
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis

A

GnRH released from hypothalamus (gonadotropin)
FSH and LH released from pituitary
sex steroids and inhibin/activin released from gonads

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18
Q

Swyer Syndrome

A 
46 chrom
XY, SRY not functional
external female genetalia
non functional streak gonads
intact Mullerian ducts
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19
Q

XX Male

A 
46 chrom
phenotypic male
small testes and breasts
no Mullerian organs
sterile
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20
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

47 XXY
feminization- breast growth
tall, sterile, poor coordination, low muscle mass, broad hips
learning disability

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21
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

45 chrom- X
female missing an X
short, webbed neck, infertile
learning and visual disabilities

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22
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

excessive androgen production

XX female with ovaries but ambiguous genitalia

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23
Q

17a Hydroxylase Deficiency

A

XY with underdeveloped or female genitalia
hypokalemia
XX- normal but infertile; no menarche and underveloped female characteristics

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24
Q

17B Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency

A

XY- males with ambiguous or female external genitalia but internal testes
XX- masculinized females

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25
Q

5a Reductase Deficiency

A

XY

underdeveloped male genitalia but fertile

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26
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

mutation of testosterone receptors- elevated lvls but no response
XY female- short vagina, no uterus; undescended testes
diagnosed w/ failed menarche

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27
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

support cells
form blood testis barrier
secrete fluid into tubule to transport spermatozoa
secrete Androgen Binding Protein to concentrate testosterone in testes

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28
Q

Spermatogonia

A

stem cells

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29
Q

Spermocytes

A

developing sperm that arise from spermatagonia

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30
Q

Leydig Cells

A

in CT outside seminiferous tubules

secrete testosterone

31
Q

Increases blood flow for erection

A

NO

32
Q

Erection comes from ___ stim

A

PNS

33
Q

Bulbourethral and Urethral Glands

A

secrete mucus that clears and lubricates urethra for semen

34
Q

Ejaculation comes from ___ stim

A

SNS

35
Q

Androgens

A

masculining effect
made from Leydig cells
testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione

36
Q

Testosterone in Fetus

A

allow growth and differentiation of internal genitalia in response to hCG

37
Q

Testosterone release during puberty

A

in response to GnRH

38
Q

Dihydrotestosterone in Fetus

A

growth and differentiation of external genitalia in response to hCG

39
Q

Dihydrotestosterone release during puberty

A

in response to GnRH

40
Q

LH

A

stim testosterone production

needed for spermatogenesis

41
Q

FSH

A

Stim spermatogenesis and production of inhibin

42
Q

Testosterone inhibits…..

A

LH and GnRH release

43
Q

Inhibin

A

inhibts FSH release

44
Q

Mestruation- Day 1

A

uterine lining shed due to drop in estrogen and progesterone levels

45
Q

Follicular Phase- Day 5

A

Drop in estrogen/ progesterone lvls removes inhibition of GnRH
FSH/ LH lvls increase, causing dvlpment of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen, causing GnRH secretion, causing LH secretion, causing ovulation

46
Q

Ovulatory Phase- Day 14

A

LH lvls increase, causing ovulation
follicle ruptures, releasing ovum
14 days before menses

47
Q

Luteal Phase- Days 14-28

A

Follicle becomes Corpus Luteum- secretes progesterone, which decreases GnRh, LH, and FSH
no fertilization- estrogen and progesterone drop, menstruation at day 28

48
Q

Proliferation

A

until ovulation

estrogen increases proliferation of endometrial cells- gets thicker and increases number of progesterone receptors

49
Q

Secretory Phase - Luteal Phase

A

high progesterone
secrete nutrient rich fluid
increases vascularity and growth

50
Q

Premenstrual Phase - End of Luteal until Menstruation

A

reduction in estrogen and progesterone causes loss of blood flow
endometrium lost as menses

51
Q

Estrogen effect on FSH and LH

A

inhibits them

52
Q

Inhibin effect on FSH and LH

A

inhibits them

53
Q

Activin

A

increases FSH and LH

54
Q

Estradiol and Progesterone inhibits….

A

inhibits FSH and LH release at ant pituitary

55
Q

Menopause

A

loss of primary follicles
increased FSH and LH
loss of estrogen

56
Q

Lubrication stim by

A

PNS

57
Q

Climax stim by

A

SNS

58
Q

Detection of Sterility

A

measuring progesterone production

59
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrium develops outside uterus
causes scarring and fibrosis in pelvic cavity
encapsulate ova and not allow it to enter fallopian tube

60
Q

Salpingitis

A

inflammation of fallopian tubes

fibrosis and scarring prevents ova transit

61
Q

hCG

A

released from trophoblast

causes corpus luteum to continue to make progesterone and estrogen

62
Q

no hCG

A

menstruation will occur because of fall in progesterone levels

63
Q

Estrogen w/ Fetus

A

produced by co-op of mother and fetus
causes expansion of uterus
enlarges breasts
relaxes pelvic ligaments

64
Q

Progesterone w/ Fetus

A

made by placenta
develops decidual cells in endometrium
inhibits contractions
prepares breasts for lactation

65
Q

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

A

very highly secreted
aids in breast dvlpment for lactation
decreases insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization- more for fetus

66
Q

Prolactin

A

prepares breasts for lactation

67
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

helps maintain high aa in blood

68
Q

Aldosterone

A

causes pregnancy induced hypertension

69
Q

Change in Maternal Physiology

A

weight gain
increase iron, Ca, protein ingestion
increase CO and BV
increase GFR and reabsorption

70
Q

Progesterone during Birth

A

inhibits contractions

71
Q

Estrogen during Birth

A

increases contractions

72
Q

Oxytocin

A

secreted by placenta and maternal pituitary glands

induces contractions- more as labor progresses

73
Q

Prostaglandins

A

induce contractions

Physiology (17 decks)

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