B8 L6 Flashcards
Testes
make sperm and testosterone
Ovaries
produce ova and estrogen and progesterone
Germ Cells
haploid cells that allow for reproduction
XX Germ Cells
make oogonia
XY Germ Cells
make sperm
SRY
initiates development of testes
if no Y, ovaries developed
XX Theca Cells
make progesterone and testosterone
XX Granulosa Cells
make progesterone and estrogen from testosterone
XY Sertoli Cells
make anti-mullerian hormone
XY Leydig Cells
make testosterone
Phenotypic XX
Internal- uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina
External- clitoris, labia, lower vagina
Phenotypic XY
Internal- epididymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts
External- penis and scrotum
Wolffian Ducts in Females
degenerate
Mullerian Ducts in Females
develop into internal genitalia
Wolffian Ducts in Males
develop into internal genitalia
Mullerian Ducts in Males
degenerate because of secretion of anti-Mullerian hormone
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis
GnRH released from hypothalamus (gonadotropin)
FSH and LH released from pituitary
sex steroids and inhibin/activin released from gonads
Swyer Syndrome
46 chrom XY, SRY not functional external female genetalia non functional streak gonads intact Mullerian ducts
XX Male
46 chrom phenotypic male small testes and breasts no Mullerian organs sterile
Klinefelter Syndrome
47 XXY
feminization- breast growth
tall, sterile, poor coordination, low muscle mass, broad hips
learning disability
Turner Syndrome
45 chrom- X
female missing an X
short, webbed neck, infertile
learning and visual disabilities
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
excessive androgen production
XX female with ovaries but ambiguous genitalia
17a Hydroxylase Deficiency
XY with underdeveloped or female genitalia
hypokalemia
XX- normal but infertile; no menarche and underveloped female characteristics
17B Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
XY- males with ambiguous or female external genitalia but internal testes
XX- masculinized females
5a Reductase Deficiency
XY
underdeveloped male genitalia but fertile
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
mutation of testosterone receptors- elevated lvls but no response
XY female- short vagina, no uterus; undescended testes
diagnosed w/ failed menarche
Sertoli Cells
support cells
form blood testis barrier
secrete fluid into tubule to transport spermatozoa
secrete Androgen Binding Protein to concentrate testosterone in testes
Spermatogonia
stem cells
Spermocytes
developing sperm that arise from spermatagonia
Leydig Cells
in CT outside seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone
Increases blood flow for erection
NO
Erection comes from ___ stim
PNS
Bulbourethral and Urethral Glands
secrete mucus that clears and lubricates urethra for semen
Ejaculation comes from ___ stim
SNS
Androgens
masculining effect
made from Leydig cells
testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
Testosterone in Fetus
allow growth and differentiation of internal genitalia in response to hCG
Testosterone release during puberty
in response to GnRH
Dihydrotestosterone in Fetus
growth and differentiation of external genitalia in response to hCG
Dihydrotestosterone release during puberty
in response to GnRH
LH
stim testosterone production
needed for spermatogenesis
FSH
Stim spermatogenesis and production of inhibin
Testosterone inhibits…..
LH and GnRH release
Inhibin
inhibts FSH release
Mestruation- Day 1
uterine lining shed due to drop in estrogen and progesterone levels
Follicular Phase- Day 5
Drop in estrogen/ progesterone lvls removes inhibition of GnRH
FSH/ LH lvls increase, causing dvlpment of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen, causing GnRH secretion, causing LH secretion, causing ovulation
Ovulatory Phase- Day 14
LH lvls increase, causing ovulation
follicle ruptures, releasing ovum
14 days before menses
Luteal Phase- Days 14-28
Follicle becomes Corpus Luteum- secretes progesterone, which decreases GnRh, LH, and FSH
no fertilization- estrogen and progesterone drop, menstruation at day 28
Proliferation
until ovulation
estrogen increases proliferation of endometrial cells- gets thicker and increases number of progesterone receptors
Secretory Phase - Luteal Phase
high progesterone
secrete nutrient rich fluid
increases vascularity and growth
Premenstrual Phase - End of Luteal until Menstruation
reduction in estrogen and progesterone causes loss of blood flow
endometrium lost as menses
Estrogen effect on FSH and LH
inhibits them
Inhibin effect on FSH and LH
inhibits them
Activin
increases FSH and LH
Estradiol and Progesterone inhibits….
inhibits FSH and LH release at ant pituitary
Menopause
loss of primary follicles
increased FSH and LH
loss of estrogen
Lubrication stim by
PNS
Climax stim by
SNS
Detection of Sterility
measuring progesterone production
Endometriosis
endometrium develops outside uterus
causes scarring and fibrosis in pelvic cavity
encapsulate ova and not allow it to enter fallopian tube
Salpingitis
inflammation of fallopian tubes
fibrosis and scarring prevents ova transit
hCG
released from trophoblast
causes corpus luteum to continue to make progesterone and estrogen
no hCG
menstruation will occur because of fall in progesterone levels
Estrogen w/ Fetus
produced by co-op of mother and fetus
causes expansion of uterus
enlarges breasts
relaxes pelvic ligaments
Progesterone w/ Fetus
made by placenta
develops decidual cells in endometrium
inhibits contractions
prepares breasts for lactation
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
very highly secreted
aids in breast dvlpment for lactation
decreases insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization- more for fetus
Prolactin
prepares breasts for lactation
Glucocorticoids
helps maintain high aa in blood
Aldosterone
causes pregnancy induced hypertension
Change in Maternal Physiology
weight gain
increase iron, Ca, protein ingestion
increase CO and BV
increase GFR and reabsorption
Progesterone during Birth
inhibits contractions
Estrogen during Birth
increases contractions
Oxytocin
secreted by placenta and maternal pituitary glands
induces contractions- more as labor progresses
Prostaglandins
induce contractions
