B6f Drug development Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic

A

Penicillin

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2
Q

Which type of pathogen can be killed by antibiotics

A

Bacteria only

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3
Q

How do antibiotics treat disease?

A

Kills bacteria inside the body

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4
Q

Can antibiotics be used to kill viruses?

A

No

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5
Q

Name two diseases that can be treated using antibiotics

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

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6
Q

Why must you finish an course of antibiotics?

A

Reduces the number of resistant strains of bacteria

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7
Q

Do painkillers destroy pathogens?

A

No

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8
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Treat symptoms ie reduce pain

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9
Q

What is the drug digitalis used to treat?

A

Heart conditions

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10
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?

A

Viruses live inside human cells
The drug will also damage human cells

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11
Q

What plant is the heart drug digitalis extracted from?

A

Foxgloves

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12
Q

What painkiller originates from a chemical found in willow bark?

A

Aspirin

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13
Q

Who discovered the drug penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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14
Q

Name the organism that makes penicillin

A

Penicillium mould (fungus)

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15
Q

How are most new drugs made?

A

By chemists in the pharmaceutical industry

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16
Q

Name the two stages used in testing potential new medicines

A

Pre-clinical and clinal testing

17
Q

Why must new drugs be tested and trialled before being used?

A

Check they are safe and effective

18
Q

In drug development what are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose

19
Q

On what and where is pre-clinical testing is done?

A

In the lab
Initially on cells and tissues
Animal testing

20
Q

A small group of healthy individuals are used for initial clinical trials.

Why?

A

If there is a problem with the drug.

Only a small number of people will be effected/

Checking that drug is safe to use

21
Q

Why are low doses of drug used in initial clinical trials?

A

Drug might cause significant damage to organs in the body.
Reduces the amount of damage caused

22
Q

Why are patients used in clinical trials?

A

Test whether drug works (efficacy)

23
Q

What is a double blind test?

A

Neither the doctor nor patient know whether they been taking the placebo or active drug

24
Q

Why are double blind tests used?

A

Prevent bias
Prevent placebo effect

25
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A tablet/injection that does not contain the active drug

26
Q

If an antibiotic is used too much, what might happen to the bacteria?

A

Bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic
Antibiotic no longer works

27
Q

How is clinical testing carried out?

A
  1. Healthy volunteers test low doses to check it is safe
  2. Tested on a large scale to find the optimum dose
  3. Tested on patients to check it works using a double blind test