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1. GCSE combined master > B12b Inheritance > Flashcards

B12b Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells
Haploid (half number of chromosomes)

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2
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information

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3
Q

Define the term gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome
Codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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5
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

A version of a gene where only one copy is needed for it to be expressed.

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6
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A version of a gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

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7
Q

What is meant when an organism is homozygous?

A

When an organism has two copies of the same allele

(2 recessive or 2 dominant alleles)

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8
Q

What is meant when an organism is heterozygous?

A

When an organism has two different versions of the same gene.

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9
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The alleles present at a particular gene

Determine the phenotype of an organism

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10
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The visible characteristic

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11
Q

Name the gametes found in plants

A

Pollen
Egg

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12
Q

Name the gametes in animals

A

Sperm
Egg

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13
Q

Name the type of cell division used to make gametes

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

How many chromosomes are found in human body cells?

A

46

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15
Q

How many chromosomes are found in human gametes?

A

23

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16
Q

How are dominant and recessive alleles shown in a genetic diagram?

A

Dominant - capital letter
Recessive - lower case letter
The same letter is used for the gene

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17
Q

Give an example of a characteristic which is controlled by a single gene

A

Fur colour in mice
Red green colour blindness in humans

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18
Q

Most characteristics are the result of multiple genes rather than a single gene. True or false?

A

True

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19
Q

What is meant by an inherited disorder?

A

Caused by the inheritance of certain alleles

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20
Q

Give an example of a genetic condition caused by a dominant allele

A

Polydactyly

21
Q

Describe the phenotype shown by a person with polydactyly

A

Extra fingers or toes

22
Q

Give an example of a genetic condition caused by a recessive allele

A

Cystic fibrosis

23
Q

Give the genotype for a person with cystic fibrosis

A

ff

24
Q

Give the possible genotypes of a person with polydachtyly

A

DD
Dd

25
Q

Give the genotype of a human female

A

XX

26
Q

Give the genotype of a human male

A

XY

27
Q

What are the sex chromosomes?

A

A pair of chromosomes that determine the biological sex

28
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Type of reproduction
There is mixing of genetic information from two parents
Involves gametes made by meiosis
The offspring show variation

29
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Type of reproduction
Only one parent involved
No mixing of genetic information
Only mitosis is involved
All the offspring a re genetically identical (clones)

30
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes in the cells produced by meiosis?

A

Halved

31
Q

Describe the events that take place in meiosis

A

The genetic material is copied (DNA replicated)
Cell divides twice to form 4 gametes
Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes
All gametes are genetically different

32
Q

Name the organs where meiosis takes place

A

Male - testis
Female - ovary

33
Q

The B allele produces brown eyes

The b allele produces green eyes

Give the genotypes of a person with brown eyes

A

BB

or Bb

34
Q

The B allele produces brown eyes

The b allele produces green eyes

What percentage of the offspring will have brown eyes

A

75%

35
Q

The B allele produces brown eyes

The b allele produces green eyes

What is the genotype of a person with green eyes?

A

bb

36
Q

What proportion of the offspring will have purple flowers

A

75%

37
Q

What colour flower is produced by the homozygous recessive

A

White flower

38
Q

What is the genotype of a female child?

A

XX

39
Q

What is the ratio of male and female offspring on this punnet square

A

1:1

40
Q

Describe the shape of a DNA molecule

A

Double helix

41
Q

What does the term genome mean?

A

The entire genetic material of that organism

42
Q

Where is the genetic material found in a cell?

A

Nucleus
Chromosomes

43
Q

Name the chemical found in the genetic material

A

DNA

44
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

A polymer
Made of two strands
Forms a double helix

45
Q

Why is the understanding the human genome important?

A

Search for genes linked to different disease
Understand an treat inherited disorders
Trace human migration patterns in the past

46
Q

What are the advantages of using the human genome?

A

Search for genes that cause disease

Treatment of genetic disorders

Tracing human migration patterns from the past

47
Q

Describe the shape of this molecule

A

Double helix

48
Q

Name this molecule

A

DNA

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