B5 - Growth and repair

Question 1

What factors affect height and mass of a person?

Answer 1

• their diet
• their genes
• the amount of growth hormones their body makes
• the amount of exercise they do
• how healthy they are

Question 2

How can growth be measured?

Answer 2

Growth can be measured by finding out how much someones mass and height has increased.

Question 3

What causes a higher life expectancy?

Answer 3

• modern treatments and cures for diseases
• fewer deaths from industrial diseases
• healthier diet and lifestyle
• better housing conditions

Question 4

What does HGH stand for?

Answer 4

HGH stands for human growth hormone.

Question 5

Where is HGH produced?

Answer 5

HGH is produced in the pituitary gland.

Question 6

What does HGH do?

Answer 6

• prevents fat from being stored so it is used for energy and growth
• an indirect effect of stimulating the liver to produce another hormone

Question 7

What does IGF - 1 do?

Answer 7

This hormone triggers an increase in cartilage.

Question 8

What are mechanical replacements?

Answer 8

Mechanical replacements are not living, therefore they can be transplanted into the body.

Question 9

Give an example of a mechanical replacement that is used outside of the body.

Answer 9

• ventilators
• kidney dialysis machine
• heart and lung machines

Question 10

What are biological replacements?

Answer 10

Biological replacements are living body parts that can be given to other people.

Question 11

What factors affect the design of mechanical replacements?

Answer 11

• the size (must be small enough to fit in the body)
• how heavy they are (must be light so they don’t weigh down the body)
• battery powered so the patient can move around
• inert materials so the body does not react to them

Question 12

What is a long donor/transplant list caused by?

Answer 12

• a shortage of donors
• tissues or blood not matching
• size of organs and age of donors/recipients

Question 13

What are the ethical issues linked to body replacements?

Answer 13

• some families may find it difficult to accept that surgical procedures will be carried out on the dead body of the donor
• some patients may find it difficult to accept that someone’s death has been necessary to provide a transplant

Question 14

What is the legal age limit for someone to register on the donor list?

Answer 14

A person must be 18 years or older in order to donate their organs.

Question 15

What is an opt-in system?

Answer 15

An opt-in system is where people have to declare that they want their organs to be donated.

Question 16

What is an opt-out system?

Answer 16

An opt-out system is where people have to declare that they do not want to donate body parts.

Question 17

Why are there issues linked to the opt-out system?

Answer 17

People say that it is against human rights and that it makes it difficult for people to opt-out.

Question 18

What is the main risk with organ transplants/replacements?

Answer 18

The body’s immune system reacts to the new tissue and rejects it.

Question 19

Why is it a risk to take immuno-suppressive drugs after an organ replacement?

Answer 19

It leaves people more susceptible to other diseases/infections.

Question 20

What does HLA stand for?

Answer 20

HLA stands for human leucocyte antigens.

Question 21

What is a leucocyte?

Answer 21

A leucocyte is a type of red blood cell.

Question 22

What does the presence of HLA depend on?

Answer 22

The presence of HLA depends on certain genes on chromosomes.

Question 23

Why are organ transplant success rates improving?

Answer 23

They are improving because of advances in medical techniques and technology.