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Biology GCSE AQA > B1.1.2 How our bodies defend themselves against infectious diseases > Flashcards

B1.1.2 How our bodies defend themselves against infectious diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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2
Q

How do bactiera and viruses make us feel ill?

A 
Reproduce rapidly inside body 
Producing poisons (toxins) that make us feel ill

Viruses damage cells in which they reproduce

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3
Q

3 ways white blood cells help defend against pathogens

A

Ingesting pathogens

Antibodies, destroy particular bacteria/viruses

Antigens, counteract toxins released by pathogens

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4
Q

What leads to immunity from a pathogen?

A

Iimmune system
specific antibodies
kill
particular pathogen

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5
Q

When is the spread of a pathogen reduced?

A

Large proportion of population

Immune to the pathogen

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6
Q

Describe Semmelweis and his links with handwashing and reducing diseases

A

Importance of hand-washing
Prevention of spreading some infectious diseases

Doctors washed hands before examining patients
Greatedly reduced number of deaths
from infectious diseases
in his hospital

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7
Q

What is the role of painkillers?

A

Help relieve symptons of infectious diseases

Do not kill pathogens

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8
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines
help to cure bacterial disease
killing infectious bacteria inside body

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9
Q

What are viral pathogens?

A

Pathogens that live and reproduce inside cells

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10
Q

Can antibiotics be used to kill viral pathogens?

A

No

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11
Q

How should specific bacteria be treated?

A

By specific antibiotics

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12
Q

Viruses reproduce inside body cells. How is this relevant to the development of drugs?

A

Difficult to develop drugs
kill viruses
without also damaging body’s tissues

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13
Q

Effect of using antibiotics

A

Greatly reduced
deaths
infectious bacterial diseases

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14
Q

Effect of overuse + inappropriate use of antibiotics

A

Increased rate of development

antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

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15
Q

How have many strains of bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics?

A

Pathogens mutate

Natural selection

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16
Q

What prevents further resistance arising?

A

Avoid over-using antibiotics

17
Q

What slowed down the rate of development of resistant strains?

A

Antibiotics not used to treat non-serious infections

Mild throat infections eg

18
Q

Example of an antibiotic-resistant strain

A

MRSA

19
Q

Why does the population of the resistant strain increase?

A

Antibiotics kills individual pathogens
non-resistant strain

Individual resistant pathogens surive + reproduce

20
Q

What are new strains produced by?

A

Mutation

21
Q

Why would a new strain spread rapidly?

A

Antibiotics + vacciations no onger effective against it

People are not immune to it

No effective treatment

22
Q

What does the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria lead to?

A

The necessities of the development of new antibiotics

23
Q

What is vaccination?

A

People immunised against a disease/ future infection by the microorganism
Introducing small quantities
Dead/inactive forms of pathogen
Into body

24
Q

How does vaccines make a person immunised to future infections?

A

Stimulate white blood cells

produce antibodies that destroy pathogens

25
Q

A person has vaccination againts a pathogen. What happens when a person is attacked by this pathogen?

A

Body responses rapidly
by making the correct antibody
in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease

26
Q

What are MMR vaccines used for?

A

Protecting children against measles, mumps and rubella

27
Q

Why are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms required?

A

Investigating the action of disinfectants + antibiotics

28
Q

How to keep the culture pure?

A

Petri dishes + culture media sterilised before use
Kill unwanted microorganisms

Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to media
sterilised by passing through a flame

Lid of Petri dish
secured with adhesive tape
Prevent microorganisms from air contaminating culture

29
Q

Conditions to grow cultures in school + college labs and why

A

Incubated
At max temp 25

greatly reduces the likelyhood
of growth
of pathogens might be harmful to humans

30
Q

Why is higher temperatures used in industrial conditions?

A

For rapid growth

Biology GCSE AQA (54 decks)

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