B1 Reproduction SPEC Flashcards
What is sexual reproduction?
Fusion of male + female gametes
Mixture of genetic information –> variety in offspring
What is asexual reproduction?
No fusion of male + female gametes
only 1 individual needed as parent
No mixing of genetic information –> no genetic variation in offspring
clones: genetically identical individuals
What is a “cutting”?
method, produce new plants
quickly + cheaply
“cuttings” from older plants
new plants
genetically identical
parent plants
What are the modern cloning techniques?
Tissue culture
Embryo transplants
Adult cell cloning
What is tissue culture?
Cloning
using small groups of cells
from part of a plant
What is embryo transplants?
cloning
splitting apart cells
developing animal embryo
before they become specialised
transplanting identical embryos
into host mother
What is adult cell cloning?
Nucleus removed
unfertilised egg cell
Nucleus body cell (skin)
inserted into egg cell
Electric shock
egg cell divide
form embryo cells
same genetic info as adult skin cell
Embryo
developed into a ball of cells
inserted into womb of an adult female
continue its development
What is genetic engineering?
Genes
chromosomes of humans
other organisms
“cut out”
enzyme
transferred to cells
other organisms
When does genetic engineering take place and why?
Genes
transferred to cells
animals, plants, microorganisms
early stage of their development
develop with desired characteristics
What is meant by GM crops?
Genetically modified crops
new genes transferred to crop plants
crops that have genes modified this way
Examples of GM crops
resistant to insect attack
herbicides
Advantage of GM crops
increased yields
Concerns associated with GM crops
Effect on population of wild flowers + insects
Reducing farmland biodiversity
Uncertainty abt effect eating GM crops human health
allergies
