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Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic nerves are supplied via the vagus

nerves to what areas of the body?

A

Esophagus, heart, lungs, entire small intestine, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, proximal half of the colon, pancreas, upper portions
of the ureters, and the kidneys.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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2
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for increasing

cardiac contractility and increased heart rate?

A

Beta 1
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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3
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the autonomic

nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system 2. Parasympathetic nervous
    system
    Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
    ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.
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4
Q

Between what spinal cord segments do sympathetic

nerve fibers originate?

A

T-1 and L-2
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

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5
Q

How do sympathetic nerves differ from skeletal

motor nerves?

A

Skeletal motor nerves are comprised of a single neuron,
whereas sympathetic pathways are composed of two neurons
which are termed a preganglionic neuron and postganglionic
neuron.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic

preganglionic neurons found?

A

In the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

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7
Q

At what point do preganglionic sympathetic fibers

exit spinal nerves?

A

Immediately following the spinal nerve’s exit from the spinal
canal.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

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8
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglionic neurons

originate?

A

They originate in one of the peripheral sympathetic ganglia or
one of the sympathetic chain ganglia.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

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9
Q

Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic nerve

fibers can be found in what cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve 10 (The vagus nerve)
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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10
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers located within cranial

nerve III innervate what two areas?

A

The ciliary muscle of the eye and the pupillary sphincter.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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11
Q

Parasympathetic fibers from cranial nerve VII serve

what areas?

A

The nasal, submandibular, and lacrimal glands.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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12
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers from cranial nerve IX

innervate what gland?

A

The parotid gland
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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13
Q

Sacral parasympathetic fibers are distributed to what

areas of the body?

A

Descending colon, urinary bladder, rectum, and lower portions
of the ureters. They also supply innervation to the external
genitalia.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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14
Q
  1. Does the parasympathetic nervous system contain
    both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons? 2.
    How do they differ from the sympathetic pathways?
A
  1. Yes. 2. Most preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel
    uninterrupted the entire way to the effector organ.
    Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
    ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.
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15
Q

Where are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

located?

A

They are located within the wall of the effector organ.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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16
Q

What alpha receptor results in inhibition of

neurotransmitter release when stimulated?

A

Alpha 2
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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17
Q

What alpha receptor is responsible for

vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha 1
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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18
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibers exit the

central nervous system?

A

Through cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10 and the 2nd and 3rd
sacral spinal nerves.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 730.

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19
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for glycogenolysis,

lipolysis, and bladder wall relaxation?

A

Beta 2
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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20
Q

Are the sympathetic nerve fibers that terminate in the
adrenal medulla preganglionic or postganglionic?
What neurotransmitter do they secrete?

A

They are preganglionic, and therefore secrete acetylcholine.
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC,
Ortega R. Clinical Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013: 369.

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21
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for uterine and

intestinal relaxation?

A

Beta 2
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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22
Q

What beta receptors are located in the lungs that

result in bronchodilation when stimulated?

A

Beta 2 receptors.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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23
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for thermogenesis?

A

Beta 3
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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24
Q

Name the two main receptors that acetylcholine

activates.

A
  1. Nicotinic receptors 2. Muscarinic receptors
    Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
    ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.
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25
Q
  1. The majority of sympathetic postganglionic
    neurons are adrenergic, and therefore secrete what
    substance? 2. Sympathetic postganglionic nerve
    fibers serving what three areas are cholinergic?
A

Norepinephrine 2. Nerve fibers to the piloerector muscles of the
hairs, sweat glands, and a small number of blood vessels are
cholinergic.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 731.

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26
Q

Almost all of the parasympathetic postganglionic
neurons are cholinergic, and therefore secrete what
neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 731.

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27
Q

All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and
parasympathetic) are cholinergic, and therefore
secrete what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 731.

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28
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine

considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 731.

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29
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine

considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 731.

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30
Q

What are the two major types of adrenergic

receptors?

A
  1. Alpha receptors 2. Beta receptors. These receptors are
    further divided into alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors, as well as
    beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors.
    Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
    ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.
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31
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect sweat glands?

A

It causes them to release copious amounts of sweat.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

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32
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the detrusor

and trigone muscles of the bladder.

A

There is relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the
trigone muscle.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

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33
Q

What are the renal effects of sympathetic nervous

system stimulation?

A

There is decreased urine output and an increase in the
secretion of renin.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

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34
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the

gallbladder and bile ducts?

A

It causes them to relax.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

35
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on

the liver?

A

It causes the liver to release glucose.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

36
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect the gut?

A

It causes a reduction in peristalsis and decreased tone within
the lumen.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

37
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect the lungs?

A

It causes dilation of the bronchi and mild constriction of blood
vessels.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

38
Q

What happens when beta 2 receptors within the

coronary arteries are stimulated?

A

The coronary arteries dilate.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

39
Q

What is the affect of sympathetic nervous system

activation on heart muscle?

A

There is an increase in the force of contraction of heart muscle.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

40
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect the pupil?

A

It dilates the pupil.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

41
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system affect nasal, parotid, submandibular, gastric,
pancreatic, and nasal glands?

A

It causes vasoconstriction and minimal secretion.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

42
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect apocrine glands?

A

It causes them to release odiferous, thick secretions.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

43
Q

Between what spinal cord segments do

preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers originate?

A

The preganglionic sympathetic nervous system fibers originate
between the T-1 and L-2 nerve roots.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

44
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect coagulation?

A

It causes an increase in coagulation.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

45
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect the penis?

A

It causes ejaculation.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

46
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect heart rate?

A

It causes an increase in heart rate.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

47
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system activation

affect basal metabolism?

A

It increases it up to 100%
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

48
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system activation

affect skeletal muscle?

A

There is an increase in glycogenolysis and an increase in
strength.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

49
Q

What effect does activation of the sympathetic

nervous system have on fat cells?

A

It causes lipolysis.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

50
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect adrenal medulla secretion?

A

t causes an increase.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

51
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous
system affect systemic arterioles of the abdominal
viscera and skin?

A

It causes them to constrict.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

52
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous

system affect the piloerector muscles?

A

It causes them to contract.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

53
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect heart rate?

A

It produces a reduction in heart rate.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

54
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect the penis?

A

It causes erection of the penis.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

55
Q

How does stimulation of the parasympathetic
nervous system affect lacrimal, parotid, nasal,
submandibular, pancreatic, and gastric glands?

A

It causes increased secretion in each of these glands.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

56
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect adrenal medulla secretion?

A

There is no effect.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

57
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect sweat glands?

A

It produces sweat on the palms of hands.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

58
Q

Does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system have any effect on skeletal muscle?

A

No
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

59
Q

Does stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous

system have any effect on apocrine glands?

A

No.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

60
Q

How does stimulation of the parasympathetic

nervous system affect the pupil?

A

It constricts the pupil.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

61
Q

Is there any parasympathetic activity in fat cells?

A

No
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

62
Q

Is there any parasympathetic effects on coagulation?

A

No.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

63
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation affect the

detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder?

A

There is contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the
trigone muscle.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

64
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation affect the

coronary arteries?

A

It causes dilation.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

65
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect bronchi within the lungs?

A

It causes the bronchi to constrict.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

66
Q

How does parasympathetic nervous system

activation affect basal metabolism?

A

There is no effect.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

67
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect the gut?

A

It increases the muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract and an
increase in peristalsis.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

68
Q

How does parasympathetic activation affect the liver?

A

It causes a slight increase in glycogen synthesis.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

69
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on

the gallbladder and bile ducts?

A

It causes them to contract.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

70
Q

How does stimulation of the parasympathetic

nervous system affect the piloerector muscles?

A

There is no effect.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

71
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect the kidney?

A

There is no effect.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

72
Q

Does activation of the parasympathetic nervous

system affect systemic arterioles?

A

There is no effect.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

73
Q

What is the affect of parasympathetic nervous

system activation on heart muscle?

A

There is a decreased force of contraction of heart muscle.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 734.

74
Q

What two hormones are released into the
bloodstream in mass quantities when stimulation of
sympathetic nerves to the adrenal medulla occurs?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 736.

75
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous

System?

A

The two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System are the
Sympathetic (Adrenergic) and the Parasympathetic
(Cholinergic) Nervous Systems
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC,
Ortega R. Clinical Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013: 363.

76
Q

What are the two main types of receptors that

acetylcholine activates?

A
  1. Muscarinic 2. Nicotinic
    Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
    ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.
77
Q

Cardiac pump function is affected by the SNS and

PNS in what three ways?

A
  1. Changing the strength of the contraction (inotropism) 2.
    Changing the rate (chronotropism) 3. The modulation of
    coronary blood flow
    Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC,
    Ortega R. Clinical Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
    Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013: 362.
78
Q

Are postganglionic neurons of the SNS considered

to be cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic. The exception to this are postganglionic
sympathetic nerve fibers to the piloerector muscles of the hairs,
sweat glands, and a few blood vessels. These nerve fibers are
considered to be cholinergic
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 721.

79
Q

Are postganglionic neurons of the PNS considered

to be cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 721.

80
Q

Are preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system cholinergic or
adrenergic?

A

All preganglionic neurons in both the SNS and the PNS are
cholinergic, and therefore secrete acetylcholine.
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC,
Ortega R. Clinical Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013: 368.

81
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC,
Ortega R. Clinical Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013: 368.

82
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibers originate?

A

In the spinal cord and spinal nerves between the cord levels of
T1 and L2. From there, they pass into the sympathetic chain
and then on to the organs and tissues in which they stimulate.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

83
Q

The ANS is responsible for regulating what

functions?

A

This system helps with the control of arterial pressure,
gastrointestinal secretion, urinary bladder emptying,
gastrointestinal motility, sweating, body temperature, and
involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle.
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 729.

84
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

They are located on all effector cells stimulated by
postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either the PNS or SNS
Guyton AC, & Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 733.

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