Autoimmune: RA, AS, and scleroderma Flashcards

1
Q

what is slceroderma

A
  • chronic connective tissue disease
  • autoimmune rheumatic disease
  • skin is stiff hard and tight
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2
Q

What are the two types of scleroderma

A
  • localized scleroderma: only skin affected
  • systemic scleroderma: affects other organs, such as heart, lungs, kidneys and digestive tract (most common)
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3
Q

Who does scleroderma mostly affect

A
  • women>men
  • between ages 30-50
  • can run in families
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4
Q

What are common signs and symtoms of scleroderma

A
  • skin changes
  • raynaud’s disease
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • restrictive lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis (lose elasticity)
  • pulmonary HTN
  • fatigue

Pulmonary fibrosis => pulmonary HTN: cant expand lungs causes hypoxia which causes the lungs to shunt blood to other areas of the lungs => leads to an increase risk of R heart failure

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5
Q

what are some medications used to treat scleroderma

A
  • penicillamine (helps maintain skin elasticity)
  • interferon-gamma (immunomodulator) immune effetcs
  • calcium-channel blockers for raynauds: vasodilation
  • antihistamine for itching
  • organ specific medication

*there is no FDA approved drugs specifically for scleroderma

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6
Q

What are other potential treatments for scleroderma

A
  • therapy: OT/PT for functional training, cardiovascular and pulmonary
  • cosmetic procedures: UV light or laser for skin lesions/scars
  • regular dental care, medical check ups
  • surgery: usually related to severe raynaud’s disease (digit amputation)

*bad teeth can cuase heart disease

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7
Q

what is ankylosing spondylitis

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disease
  • unknown origin
  • first affects spine and adjacent structures
  • can progress to fusion of inovlved joints
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8
Q

who does ankylosing spondylitis typically affect

A
  • develops between ages 17-45
  • males more common
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9
Q

ankylosing spondylitis and back pain

also what symptoms are common

A
  • usually affects low back and SI joints
  • inflammatory vs mechanical pain
  • worse with immobility and improved with activity
  • relieved with NSAIDs
  • fatigue

typically inflammatory pain

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10
Q

How is ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed

A
  • X-ray, MRI,
  • inflammatory markers: CRP, ESR, HLA-B27
  • history
  • HLA-B27 present in 90% of people with AS but only about 5% of people with HLA-B27 have AS
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11
Q

What are some PT considerations with ankylosing spondylitis

A
  • flexibility: focus on extension avoid flexion, prone may help at night
  • osteoporosis
  • falls: spinal fracture
  • cardiopulmonary fitness: increase risk fo CVD due to decrease fitness
  • Land based may be better due to osteoporosis but aquatic can be good for pain
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12
Q

How is ankylosing spondylitis managed medically

A
  • NSAIDs
  • TNFi (tumor necrosis factor inhibitor) usually a cancer drug
  • consider anti-rheumatic drugs or biologics if other drugs do not work
  • systemic glucocorticoids not recommended but steriod injections may help during acute inflammation
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13
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • a chronic systemic inflammatiry autoimmune disorder
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14
Q

what is the clinical manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • morning stiffness related to immobilization which lasts great than 2 hours after rising
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15
Q

What are the typical features of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • chronic inflammation of synovium, perihperal articular cartilage, subchondral marrow spaces
  • pannus formation: excess of cytokines, synovial fluid
  • leads to erosion of articular cartilage
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16
Q

what is the etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

-

A
  • unknown
  • potentially triggered by bacteria or viruses
17
Q

how is Rheumatoid Arthritis diagnosed

A
  • based on clinical evidence and lab findings

labs include:

  • decreased red blood cell (specific to RA)
  • increased sed/ESR rate
  • positive Rh factor
18
Q

manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • muscule fibrosis and atrophy
  • vasculitis, pericarditis
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • generalized stiffness
  • anemia
  • pleural effusion, interstitial lung disease (becomes damaged)
  • keratoconjunctivitis
  • increased susceptibility to infection
  • sensory loss
19
Q

What is the prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • increases with age, peak incidence in 6th decade of life
  • 2-3 times higher in women than men
  • patients who smoke, have DM, or physically inactive tend to be at higher risk factors for developing co-morbidities such as CVD or respiratory disease
20
Q

what are manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the joint specifically

A
  • most joints involved within first year of disease
  • joint mechanics change due to cartilage degeneration: ligamentous laxity, abnormal lines of pull from tendons, joint deformity
  • cervical spinal cord compression may occur in some cases: radiular symptoms refer quicker
  • due to tenosynovitis of the transverse ligament of C1 and carvial apophyseal joints
21
Q

joint dysfunction caused by RA

A
  • tenosynovitis
  • synovitis: can cause nerve compression
  • common hand deformities
  • common feet deformities

hand deformities can impair function and ADL performance

22
Q

what is a common foot deformity with Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • subluxation of MT heads and migration of MTP fat pad result in significant pain in walking
23
Q

Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis

goals for treatment

A
  • reduce inflammation
  • provide pain relief
  • maintain and restore joint function
  • decrease development of joint deformity
  • MEds: NSAIDs, corticosteriods, slow acting anti-rheumatic drugs and DMARDs
24
Q

PT intervention for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • education: balancing rest and activity
  • avoid forceful stretching
  • whole body functional strengthening at low intentisites
  • aquatic therapy: beneficial but water temp may need to be higher than usual
  • modalities: low level laser, US, heat, TENS
25
Q

surgeries with

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • tenosynovectomy
  • tendon repair
  • synovectomy
  • arthrodesis
  • arthroplasty