AT SGT Wpn Design

Question 1

Define Ammunition

Answer 1

All the material used in discharging all types of firearms or any weapon that throws

projectiles, shot, shrapnel, bullets, cartridges

and the the means of igniting and exploding them as primers and fuzes.

Chemicals, bombs, grenades, mines and pyrotechnics are also ammunition.

Question 2

What are the ingredients of Greek fire?

Answer 2

Naphtha, sulfur and pitch

Question 3

Who first wrote the black powder composition in Europe?

Answer 3

Roger Bacon in 1242

Question 4

What is the main component of single based propellant?

Answer 4

nitrocellulose is the primary ingredient

Question 5

What primarily makes up the composition of double based propellant?

Answer 5

nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin are the primary ingredients

Question 6

What primarily makes up the composition of triple based propellant?

Answer 6

nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine are the primary ingredients

Question 7

What are some types of rifling?

Answer 7

• Vavassuar’s driving band (studded projectile)
• Hexagonal or Whitworth rifling (Hex barrel and projectile)
• Woolwich rifling (studded projectile)
• French rifling (studded projectile)
• Oval Bore (rounded grooves)
• Lead coated projectile

Question 8

What flaws did the Henry Martini rifle suffer from?

Answer 8

Extraction issues due to weak cartridge cases and fowling due to black powder propellant.

Question 9

What is the difference between an artillery mount and an artillery carriage?

Answer 9

Mount - The wheels do not contact the ground when fired. Self propelled artillery is also considered mounted

Carriage - The wheels are on the ground during firing.

Question 10

What are the 2 main structures of artillery pieces? What do they provide to the ordnance?

Answer 10

Superstructure
* Directly support the ordnance
* Provide azimuth and elevation adjustment
* Sighting

Basic Structure
* Contact with the ground
* Transfers firing stress to the ground

Question 11

Name the components that can be part of the superstructure?

Answer 11

• Saddle
• Cradle
• Recoil system
• Balancing gear
• Elevation gear
• Traversing gear
• Sights

Question 12

What is the function of an artillery mount?

Answer 12

• Support during transport
• Stability during firing
• Give ordnance direction (elevation and azimuth)
• Accurate and quick laying
• Absorb recoil and return to firing position

Question 13

What are the functions of an artillery cradle?

Answer 13

Support the ordnance and recoil system
Transfer the firing force through the trunnions
Allow vertical movement for aiming

Question 14

What is the recuperator?

Answer 14

Part of the recoil system that returns the ordnance to it’s firing position after it has recoiled

Question 15

Define obturation?

Answer 15

The sealing of the projectile in the barrel and breech to minimize the escape of the propelling gases.

Question 16

Why was the Armstrong gun famous?

Answer 16

It was the first adopted breech loading gun.

Question 17

What is the purpose of rifling?

Answer 17

To impart spin on a projectile as it travels down the bore

Question 18

What where early barrels made from?

Answer 18

Bronze for smaller barrels and iron for larger barrels. Later cast iron.

Question 19

Who is considered the inventor of artillery?

Answer 19

Berthold Schwartz (Black Berthold) in 1313 after he blew the lid off an iron vessel by accident.

Question 20

What are 3 types of cradles?

Answer 20

• Trough
• Ring
• Open

Question 21

What is the function of a barrel?

Answer 21

A vessel to contain the energetic force to propel a projectile safely and predictably

Question 22

What are the 4 characteristics of a barrel?

Answer 22

Life
Strength
Centre of Gravity
Stiffness

Question 23

What are 5 methods of barrel construction?

Answer 23

Wire wound
Built up
Loose liner
Composite
Mono Bloc

Question 24

What are the 5 stresses on a barrel?

Answer 24

Girder - stiffness
Radial
Circumferential - Hoop
Longitudinal - stretch along the length
Torsion - rifling

Question 25

What are 2 types of breech locks?

Answer 25

Interrupted screw thread Slide block

Question 26

What are 3 types of Sliding block mechanisium?

Answer 26

Tied jaw Open jaw Closed jaw

Question 27

Explain how a fume extractor works?

Answer 27

A chamber with small apertures into the barrel pressurises as a round is fired and creates positive pressure toward the front of the barrel once the projectile has exited. When the breech is opened air is forced out the muzzle drawing out of the crew compartment.

Question 28

Name 3 types of muzzle brake?

Answer 28

Build up Solid forge Swagged (single machined piece)

Question 29

What are the 7 types of mortar fire?

Answer 29

Preparatory (bedding) Covering Defensive Harassing Counter battery Smoke Illumination

Question 30

What are the 5 design characteristics of a mortar?

Answer 30

Smooth bore No recoil mechanism Elevation restricted to above 800mils Muzzle loaded No direct fire capability

Question 31

Who designed the earliest time fuze?

Answer 31

Col Edward Mounier Boxer made the Boxer fuze.

Question 32

What is indirect fire?

Answer 32

Fire delivered at a target which can't be seen

Question 33

Describe the 8 tasks of indirect fire.

Answer 33

* Suppression - Limits the ability of the target to conduct it's role * Neutralisation - Prevents the target from taking action * Destruction - Render the target permanently combat ineffective * Harassment - Disrupt the enemy by impeding movement or supply or force redeployment * Interdiction - Depth task to isolate enemy units shaping the battlefield. Delay, disrupt or weaken the enemy. * Illumination - Provide white or IR light over the battlefield * Counter Battery - Retaliate against enemy indirect fire * Coordination of fires - Increase fire effect by coordinating multiple indirect capabilities

Question 34

What is windage?

Answer 34

A gap is required between a mortar bomb and the mortar tube to allow it to drop down the tube. This gap is know as windage.

Question 35

What is a free fire rocket definition?

Answer 35

A tube open at one end. Fuel burns and is released out the open end with enough force to push the rocket along a flight path. The flight path can not be changed in flight.

Question 36

What is an artillery basic structure composed of?

Answer 36

* Trails * Saddle supports * Articulations * Spades * Platforms * Wheels and axels * Suspension and brakes

Question 37

What is the purpose of smoke ammunition?

Answer 37

Blind enemy observation from direct and observers of indirect fire and of our troop movement. Mark enemy for other weapon systems.

Question 38

How can you extend the life of a barrel?

Answer 38

* Cooler burning propellants * Barrel cooling techniques * Bore surface finishes

Question 39

He frag of the mortar bomb can be influenced by?

Answer 39

Body material will produce various types of shrapnel. Preformed fragmentation or scored lining.

Question 40

What did the British call picric acid?

Answer 40

Lyddite

Question 41

What are the 5 basic requirements of artillery?

Answer 41

* Range * Ammunition * Accuracy and Consistency * Mobility * Protection

Question 42

What is the purpose of an Equilibrator?

Answer 42

To provide mechanical assistance to elevation

Question 43

What improves the range of artillery?

Answer 43

Ballistic coefficient, Post firing boosts

Question 44

Define the accuracy of artillery.

Answer 44

The measurement of precision that the MPI can be placed on target.

Question 45

What was HMX originally a byproduct of?

Answer 45

RDX manufacture

Question 46

What common service EO is PETN used in?

Answer 46

Det cord

Question 47

State 4 variations that affect consistency?

Answer 47

Muzzle velocity Ballistic coefficient Weather Wear, laying and ramming of the gun

Question 48

Why are gun shields excluded on modern guns?

Answer 48

Reduce weight for mobility and air transport.

Question 49

What are mortar design advantages?

Answer 49

* Large rate of fire in short time * Mobility * Lethality against troops in open * Low velocity * Simple and inexpensive * Easy to operate * Silent in flight * Lightweight * Easy to dig in and conceal

Question 50

What are the mortar disadvantages?

Answer 50

* No direct attack * Easy to locate * High angle fire long flight time * Limited range * Bedding in required

Question 51

What ammo natures does artillery use?

Answer 51

* HE * Illumination * Smoke * Sub munitions * Guided

Question 52

What are HE fuzing options?

Answer 52

* Air Burst * Impact * Delay

Question 53

Why is less illumination ammunition carried in modern wars?

Answer 53

Soldiers have NFE. Image intensifiers, Low light TV, Thermal imaging, Infra red sights.

Question 54

What are design characteristics of unconventional mortars?

Answer 54

* Rifled bore * Breech loading * Low angle of fire

Question 55

What are the 4 components of a mortar?

Answer 55

* Barrel * Legs * Sight * Base plate

Question 56

What are the 3 firing mechanisms?

Answer 56

* Electric * Percussion * Electric percussion

Question 57

What can affect the accuracy of artillery?

Answer 57

* Survey of guns * Target location accuracy * Ammunition and instrument inaccuracy * External conditions

Question 58

What are Lands?

Answer 58

Raised sections of rifling

Question 59

What is "Shot Start"?

Answer 59

The moment the projective starts to move down the barrel

Question 60

CWR of mortar bomb?

Answer 60

over 20%

Question 61

Why is safe arming in gun fuzes easier than in mortars?

Answer 61

Guns have higher firing forces

Question 62

What is a disadvantage on using all up rounds?

Answer 62

Low trajectory of gun makes target behind terrain harder to hit

Question 63

How is calibre measured?

Answer 63

Land to Land

Question 64

List some early projectile types

Question 65

What did Col Shrapnel design?

Question 66

What is a howitzer gun?

Question 67

What are the advantages of free fire rockets?

Question 68

What are the disadvantages of free fire rockets?

Question 69

What are the problems designers face when increasing the range on projectiles?

Question 70

What are some threats to modern artillery?

Question 71

Describe a ring cradle?

Question 72

What is the function of an artillery gun trail?

Question 73

Describe the mortar firing?

Question 74

What are the types of mortar augmented charges?