AT SGT Target Analysis Flashcards
Define an explosion.
A nuclear, chemical or physical process leading to a sudden release of energy.
What are the 3 types of explosion?
Nuclear
Physical
Chemical
What is a blast?
Violent disruptive effect caused by heat, gas and a shock front out from the source of the explosion.
What are the blast phases?
Shock front
Positive pressure
Negative pressure
What is a blast wave reflection?
Blast wave is throw back at an angle to the original path
What is a blast wave diffraction?
Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle
What is rarefaction in the blast phases?
Low pressure following the high pressure - negative phase
What is the basic principle of a fuel air explosive?
Create an aerosol cloud of a fuel air mix which is detonated or ignited to burn to detonation.
List 6 fuels that can be used in FAE.
Acetylene
Butane
Ethylene oxide
Kerosene
Propylene oxide
Aluminum
What are 2 advantages of FAE?
Larger overpressure at greater distance
Little or no oxygen making 3-5 time hotter than HE
What is burn to detonation?
When an igniferous reaction flame front accelerates creating a shockwave detonating the substance.
What 4 factors effect velocity of detonation?
Density of charge
Charge diameter
Degree of confinement
Strength of detonator
What are 7 targets of FAE?
Structures
Concentrations of AFVs / SPGs
Parked aircraft
Mine clearance
Ships
Bunkers/trenches
Troops in open
Explain the probability of a kill formula.
Probability of a kill = Hit X Reliability X Lethallity as a percentage. 0.50 - 50%
What are the 3 damage levels when designing weapons?
Disable
Destroy
Neutralise
6 types of targets when designing weapons?
People
Vehicles
Equipment
Structures
Aircraft
Complex
What are the energy sources available to the weapons designer?
Kinetic energy - solid missile dissipates its energy impact that requires no triggering device.
Chemical energy - Potential energy is released at an optimal time and place.
What 4 ways are used to control fragmentation size?
Case material and mechanical properties
Thickness of wall
Quantity of explosive and position against fragmentation case
Velocity of detonation of the explosive
What are considered 3 key targets?
People
Armoured Vehicles
Aircraft in flight
What 3 ways are used to control the velocity of fragmentation?
Amount of explosive
Charge density and velocity of detonation
Density of wall material
What 3 ways are used to control distribution of fragmentation?
Spin rate will influence distribution, not pattern
Usually symmetrical about the axis
Angle of arrival
With energy transfer the severity of injury depends on 3 things?
Actual energy transferred
Rate of energy transferred
Tumbling/yawing reduces energy transfer
What are 3 factors affecting fragmentation energy transfer?
Fragment mass and velocity
Fragment cross sectional area
Stability of fragment to break up on impact
What are 3 major fragment producers?
Generic HE projectiles
Pre notched containers
Pre formed fragments
What are the 6 standard criteria for aircraft damage? ?-Kill
KK - Immediate disintergration
K - <10 seconds destroyed
A - <5 min destroyed
B - <5 hour defeat
C - Mission not achieved
E - Mission succeed repairs required
What are the 3 alternate criteria for aircraft damage?
Ft - Flight kill - “t” is seconds to permanently downed
Ct - Continuance kill - unable to continue in “t”
Et - Effectiveness kill - Grounded for “t” due to damage
What are 7 warheads used against aircraft in flight?
Blast - internal/external
Fragmentation
Fragmentation and blast
Special kinetic - discrete rod/continuous rod
Shape charge
Sub projectiles
Cluster
Fragmentation against flying aircraft are how inefficient?
80%
What are the 4 effects of altitude on blast?
Density - Lower dense air is less for the shockwave to pass through
Attenuation - The blast is reduced with less air to push
Miss distance - The same miss distance will have less effect
Altitude increase = warhead increases to match original effect (figure of merit multiplier)
Aircraft fragmentation warheads there are 3 factors in the design.
Fragmentation Mass - size of pieces
Fragmentation Pattern - fragment beams by different shapes
Fragmentation Velocity -
List 7 types of armour?
Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
Spaced Homogeneous
Ply (welded homogeneous)
Face hardened (tempered surface)
Other Types
Explosive reactive armour
Composite
Slat (bar)
What is the damage assessment criteria for armoured vehicles?
TANKS
M - Mobility kill -
F - Firepower kill - armament unable to be used
K - Kill
APC & MICV (extra)
P - Payload - section onboard are incapable of fighting
What are 3 ways a shot can fail when striking armour plating?
Barreling
Shattering
Lateral bending
List 5 methods of delivery for attacks against armour?
Gun
Missile
Grenade
Mines
Aircraft bombs
What is the shattering shot failure on an AP round?
The projectile is hardened to avoid compression this can make it brittle. Too brittle and on impact stresses crack the nose causing it to break up or shatter.
5 ways to increase armour penetration on a kinetic shot?
Lengthen the barrel
Rocket assistance
Improve steadiness of shot (good sabot separation plays a role)
Lengthen the projectile
Segmented long rod segments
List the 5 factors affecting shaped charges.
Cone diameter
Liner shape
Liner material
Stand off distance
Rate of spin
What causes damage once a shaped charge has penetrated armour?
Unconsumed part of the jet
Fragments of metal
Why are kinetic/chemical combination shells difficult to use against armour?
The nose fuze must survive the force of impact and penetrating the armour
What are the 4 behind armour effects (BAE)?
Luminescence
Spalling
Heat / Fires
Overpressure
List 3 energy forms that are used in armoured attack?
Kinetic
Chemical
Combination
List 4 ways to minimise air resistance on kinetic projectiles?
Small cross sectional area
High mass
High velocity
Aerodynamic design
What is the ratio for spin and fin stabilisation for AT kinetic rounds?
Spin 7 length to 1 diameter
Fin 15 length to 1 diameter optimum
What is the formula for energy on target for kinetic rounds?
Velocity has greater effect than mass
What are these 5 AP round abbreviations
APCBC
APCR
APCNR
APDS-T
APFSDS-T
Armour Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped
Armour Piercing Composite Rigid - Dense core
Armour Piercing Composite Non Rigid - reduction bore barrel
Armour piercing discarding sabot trace
Armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot trace
What are 2 types of discarding sabots?
Petal
Pot
What is the princilple of shaped charges?
The energy from a high explosive charge focused to create an extremely high local energy. A liner is used to enhance this affect creating a jet or explosively formed projectile.
What are the 6 parts of a Munro effect shaped warhead?
List 3 ways to reduce spin on shaped charge projectiles?
Slipping driving bands
Fluted liners
Spin compensated liners
Explosively formed (plate) projectiles have what advantages over Munro effect warheads?
Less sensitive to variations in manufacture
Stand off 1 diameter 1000 diameter standoff possible
Insensitive to spin
(disadvantage penetration only 1-2x diameter)
What are the principles of a HESH round against armour?
The projectile conforms to the armour plate before functioning maximizing the shockwave through the armour. The compression shock wave reaches the metal/air interface and a reflected tension wave bounces back. The compression and tension wave act against each other stressing the armour separating a high velocity scab inside the vehicle
Fill in the blanks.
What is the scab size and velocity from HESH round?
1 1/4 to 1 1/2 times it’s own diameter at 30-130 meters per second.
Name 4 modifications of armour to defeating HESH rounds.
Spaced armour - Air gap between layers
Skirting Plates - creates air gap
Grooved - disrupts shock waves
Explosive reactive armour - explosively disrupt shock wave
What 3 factors affect the performance of HESH rounds?
Calibre - Limits the thickness of armour it can defeat
Angle of attack - Ricochets start around 65deg. 60deg can function
Striking velocity - More velocity may function on impact before squashing
What are 2 secondary effects of HESH rounds?
Anti-personnel - fragmentation, shock wave
Damage to sensitive equipment
What is Reverse Impact Detonation (RID) with HESH rounds?
Detonation occurs before the fuze functions generating the shockwave in the wrong direction.
What is the definition of a chemical explosion?
A material undergoes a sudden and rapid reaction producing large quantities of heat and gas and an associated violent blast wave.
What factors affect the vulnerability of personnel?
Attitude - Standing vs prone
Protection - Buildings, PPE, Armoured vehicles
List 5 defensive aid suites that can be fitted to armour?
Sensor packages - Active/passive
Counter measures
Electro optic attack
RF attack
Decoys
What is a nuclear explosion?
A sudden release of enormous quantities of heat from a fission or fusion reaction.
What are 3 sub divisions of aircraft?
Fast moving aircraft
Slow moving aircraft
Helicopters
What are the vulnerable areas of an aircraft?
Avionics
Fuel tanks and lines
Crew
Flight controls
Airframe
Engines
Power transmission systems
Payload/bombload
