Antibacterial PG 905 Flashcards
What is it called when something needs oxygen to survive??
Aerobic
What is it called when something can live without oxygen?
anaerobic
Term for something that is active against bacteria?
antibacterial
What is the ability of bacteria to produce substances that inactivate or destroy the impact of the drug called?
Bacterial resistance
Term for drugs that slow or retard the multiplication of bacteria:
bacteriostatic
Drugs that kill bacteria are called:
bactericidal
What is it called when you have an allergy to drugs in the same or related group?
cross sensitivity
Definition of Broad Spectrum:
drugs effective against both gram - and gram + bacteria
what are normal flora?
nonpathogenic microorganisms within the body
the effectiveness of antibiotics depends on these factors:
a) location of the infection
b) ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of the infection
c) ability of the bacteria to resist or inactivate the antibiotic
The action of this class of antibacterial is mostly bacteriostatic caused by sulfonamide antagonism to para-aminobenzoic acid.
Sulfonamides
This class of antibacterial is used to control urinary tract infections caused by E coli, Staph, including methicillin resistant staph, and Klebsiella Enterobacter.
Sulfonamides
Serious adverse reactions include hematologic changes such as a decrease in white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells in this class of antibacterial.
other reactions include photosensitivity, anorexia, and Stephens Johnsons syndrome
Sulfonamides
This antibacterial class should be used with caution in patients with G6PD deficiency.
Sulfonamides
Examples of drugs that contain sulfonamide chemical group
celecoxib
glyburide
furosemide
acetazolamide
This class of antibacterial should not be used near the end of pregnancy or significant blood levels can occur.
sulfonamides
this class of antibacterial should be used with caution with patients with bronchial asthma and is contraindicated for patients with sulfa allergy or G6PD
Sulfonamides
examples of sulfonamides
silver sulfadiazine: silvadene (topical)
trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole: Bactrim
the action of this antibacterial prevents bacteria from using a substance that is necessary for the maintenance of the bacteria’s outer wall.
Penicillin
some common uses for penicillin
septicemia intra abdominal infections syphilis pneumonia cellulitis otitis media acute sinusitis strep pharyngitis
contraindications/warning/caution with administering penicillin
history of hypersensitivity.
current mononucleosis infection
This antibacterial class has common adverse reactions including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sore tongue, or mouth:
Penicillin
Examples of Penicillin meds
PEN VK
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
This antibacterial class is structurally and chemically related to penicillin but will work on bacteria that has become resistant to PCN
Cephalosporines
the action of this antibacterial class affect the bacterial cell wall, making it defective and unstable, similar to action of PCN.
Cephalosporins
This antibacterial class is used to treat infections caused by strepp staph, citrobacter, gonococci, shigella, and clostridia.
Cephalosporines
what is the most common adverse reaction with cephalosprines
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
what is a contraindication of cephalosporines
allergy to PNC or Cephalosporin
examples of 1st generation cephalosporines
cephalexin
cefazolin
cefadroxil
examples of 2nd generation cephalosporin
cefaclor
cefprozil
cefoxitin
examples of 3rd generation cephalosporin
ceftriaxone
cefixime
ceftrazidime
cefdinir
examples of 4rd generation cephalosporin
Cefepime
examples of 5th generation cephalosporin
ceftraroline
the action of this antibacterial inhibits protein synthesis, which is a process necessary for reproduction.
Tetracyclines
This antibacterial class is used for treatment of acne vulgaris, rickettsia, malaria prophylaxis.
tetracyclines
the adverse reactions of this class of antibacterial include GI upset, photosensitivity, and may not be given to children younger than 9 because the drug may cause permanent discoloration of the teeth
tetracyclines
examples of tetracyclines
doxycycline
tetracycline
minocycline
This class of antibacterial acts by binding to the cell membrane and causes changes in protein synthesis
macrolides
common uses for macrolides
community acquired pneumonia skin infections otittis media alternative to PCN for Strep Throat mycoplasma pneumonia chlamydia H. pylori
Contraindication of macrolides:
preexisting liver disease
examples of macrolides
azithromycin
erythromycin
clarithromycin
teithromycin
this class of antibacterial drugs exert their bactericidal effect by interfering with an enzyme needed by bacteria for synthesis of DNA.
Fluoroquinolones
Common uses of fluoroquinolones
LRI pneumonia infections of the skin UTI Acute Pyelonephritis Intra Abdominal infections (e.g. diverticulitis) STD (not first line, off label use) atypical pneumonia
this class of antibacterial has been associated with disabling and irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together, including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS effects!!
Fluoroquinolones
Patients with no alternative treatment options for the following indications: Uncomplicated UTI, acute bacterial exacerbation of choric bronchitis, and acute bacterial sinusitis are reserved for this type of antibacterial
Fluoroquinolones
bacterial or fungal superinfections, pseudomembranous colitis, photosensitivity, tendinopathy, possible association with connective tissue contracture is associated with what class of antibacterials??
fluoroquinolones
What are the contraindications of fluoroquinolones?
<18 years old
pregnancy CAT C
HX of seizures
HX of arrhythmias
Examples of fluoroquinolones:
ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
This class of antibacterial exert their bactericidal effect by blocking a step in protein synthesis necessary for multiplication:
Aminoglycosides
This antibacterial is usually used in a hospital setting and its primary use is the following:
primarily gram negative
bacterial meningitis in combo with penicillin or ampicillin
intra abdominal infection,
complicated UTIs
aminoglycosides
What are some adverse reactions to aminoglycosides?
nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity
neurotoxicity
what are three contraindications of aminoglycosides?
patient needing long term therapy
pre existing hearing loss
lactation and pregnancy (CAT D)
Examples of aminoglycosides:
gentamicin
neomycin
Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes that confer resistance to what?
most beta lactam antibiotics
this antibacterial drug acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to several of the penicillin binding proteins:
carbapenems
this antibacterial drug is used for sever infections with drug resistant organisms, hospital acquired pneumonia, meningitis, intra abdominal infections, prosthetic joint infection, necrotizing soft tissue infection and pyelonephritis:
carbapenems
Name some adverse effects of carbapenems smart guy???
Head ache, skin rash, nausea, diarrhea, anemia, seizure, renal failure, or C Difficile
What are some contraindications of carbapenems?
seizure disorders
stevens johson syndrome
renal impairment
Examples of carbapenems:
imipenem
meropenem
ertapenem
This class of of antibacterial is a combo of 3, and it acts by inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death in susceptible organisms
amebicide, antiprotozoal, and nitroimidazole
use for amebicide, antiprotozoal, and nitroimidazole
Anaerobic bacterial infections
gynecologic infections
intra abdominal infections
skin and skin structure infections
what are two antiprotozoal therapies?
amebiasis
giardiasis
Common adverse reactions to amebicide, antiprotozoal, and nitroimidazole:
headache (18%)
nausea (10-12%)
vaginitis (15%)
metallic taste (9%)
if you are pregnant in first trimester with trichomoniasis, used disulfiram in the past 2 weeks, used alcohol or propylene glycol containing products during therapy within 3 days of therapy discontinuation, what antibacterial is that a contraindication for?
amebicide, antiprotozoal, and nitroimidazole
Examples of amebicide, antiprotozoal, and nitroimidazole:
metronidazole
tinidazole
nimorazole
dimetridazole
this class of antibacterial disrupts protein synthesis decreasing adherence of bacteria to host cells, exerts and extended post antibiotic effect, and is considered a bacteriostatic but a bactericidal against some strains of staph, strep, and anaerobes (such as bacteroides fragilis):
Lincosamide
This antibacterial is used for MRSA, purulent cellulitis or abscess, pharyngitis, toxic shock syndrome, bacterial vaginosis, bite would (alternative agent, off label use) and odontogenic infections, and rhinosinusitis:
Lincosamide
GI issues such as abdominal pain, antibiotic associated colitis, clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, nausea, pseudomembranous colitis, unpleasant taste (IV), and vomiting are adverse reactions of what antibacterial?
Lincosamide
in addition to various GI issues, what are some other adverse reactions to Lincosamide?
Cardiovascular: hypotension
CNS: metallic taste
contraindication of Lincosamide ?
hypersensitivity to clindamycin, lincomycin, or any component of the formulation
examples of Lincosamide:
Clindamycin
Lincomycin
