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Anti-Infective agents Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

product of a living organism that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

antimicrobial

A

any naturally occurring or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganism

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3
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Does not Kill
ability to inhibit growth and replication of bacteria
bc sometimes bacteria release endotoxins when destory

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4
Q

Bactericidal

A

kill bacteria independent of immune system

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5
Q

MIC

A

minimum inhibitory concentration
lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent necessary to inhibit growth of an organism

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6
Q

MBC

A

minimum bactericidal concentration
lowest concentration necessary to kill an organism

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7
Q

Intracellular bacteria

A

ability to reside and replicate within the cells
-makes it difficult to treat

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8
Q

Intracellular bacteria examples

A

salmonella typhi, Legionella spp, mycobacteria, chlamydiae

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9
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

A

reside and replicate OUTSIDE of the cell

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10
Q

example of extracellular bacteria

A

streptococci, staphylococci, most gram (-) enteric rods, psuedomonas spp

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11
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotic

A

effective against limited number of organisms
-< likely to disrupt normal flora
Gram (+) and gram (-) anarobes

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12
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics

A

effective against multiple organisms from more than a single class
-Gram (+) or gram (-) anaerobes
-affects normal flora
-don’t have to wait for microorganism identification

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13
Q

What does knowing the gram + or - help you know ?

A

helps you choose an antibiotic thats effective against a specific organism
-basic differences in cell wall compisition

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14
Q

Gram Positive

A

appears deep violet/blue (retains crystal violet)
-cell wall is LOW in lipid content

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15
Q

Gram negative

A

Appears red/pink
(retains secondary stain)
-cell wall is HIGH in lipid content

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16
Q

Patterns of Antibiotic resistance

A

-Differs from one community to the next
-change rapidly
-consider pt’s exposure and treatment behavior

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17
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

A

-mutations in gene that encodes target proteins (no longer binds the drug)
-Random events (doesn’t require previous exposure to the drug)
-transduction
-tranformation
-conjugation

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18
Q

Examples of antibiotic resistance through mutation

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

Transduction

A

when a virus containing DNA infects bacteria that has genes for drug resistance

-makes the bacterial cell resistant and capable of passing on the trait.
-staphylococcus aureus

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20
Q

Transformation

A

bacteria cell takes up a free moving DNA
-Penicillin resistance in pneumococci and Neisseria

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21
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of DNA from one organism to another through mating
-mainly in gram (-) bacilli
-Enterobacteriaceae and Shigella flexneri

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22
Q

Mechanism of action

A

-inhibit cell wall synthesis
-act on cell membrane to cause leakage
-impact ribosomal subunit (inhibits protein synthesis)
-BIND to ribosomal subunit to alter protein synthesis (death)
-blockage of metabolic steps
-changes in nucleic acid
-inhibition of enzymes needed for DNA synthesis

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23
Q

Examples of Bacteriostatic orgnaisms

A

chloramphenicol
clindamycin
erythromycin
sulfamethoxazole
tetracyclines
trimethoprim

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24
Q

Bactericidal organism examples

A

Aminoglycosides
cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolone
Penicillins
Vancomycin

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25
Anaphylaxis needs
prior exposure
26
Select treatment based on
most effective narrowest spectrum lowest toxicity least potential for allergy most cost-effective prophylaxis duration
27
Gram (+) cocci (aerobic)
staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis** Streptococcus pneumonia** Group A,beta-hemolytic Group B, group D
28
Gram (+) bacilli (aerobic)
Bacillus spp, Diphtheroids
29
Gram (-) bacilli (aerobic)
Haemophilus influenzae, campylobacter spp, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella spp -Enterobacteriaceae -Nonlactase Fermenters (Psuedomonas aeruginosa)
30
Gram (+) cocci (anaerobic)
Peptostretococcus spp
31
Gram (+) bacilli (anaerobic)
Clostridium spp
32
Gram (-) bacilli (anaerobic)
Bacteroides fragilis
33
Chlamydiae classification
Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci
34
Myscoplasmas
lacks cell walls -mycoplasma pneumoniae
35
Spirochetes
Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia burgdorgeri (lyme disease)
36
Fungi
Candida spp Cryptococus neoformans Aspergillus spp
37
Candida spp
part of normal flora broad spectrum antibiotics kill off the bacteria that keeps this in check
38
Gram Positive Bacteria characteristics
-thick peptidoglycan (20-80nm) -external to plasma membrane -contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid -periplasmic space between plasma membrane and cell wall is minimal -cross bridges of peptide side chain
39
Gram-negative bacteria characteristics
-thin peptidoglycan layer (5-10 nm) -MORE COMPLEX -outer membrane that provides cover and is anchored to the lipoprotein molecules of peptidoglycan layer -outer membrane is similar to plasma membrane -Large periplasmic space -has pores that pump the antibiotics out
40
Compare to Gram (+), gram (-) cell wall is
more sophisticated
41
Cocci
spherical or nearly spherical
42
Bacilli
rod-shaped endospore forming
43
Pleomorphic
variable or morphologically indistinct
44
Lag Phase
bacteria have to adapt to medium before cell division -cells are metabolically active
45
Logarithmic (exponential growth phase)
rate of growth increases with time -each cell divides by binary fission -doubles the bacterial cells
46
stationary phase
dying and producing at the same rate -essential nutrients are depleted OR -byproducts of metabolism accumulate
47
Death phase
growth stops dead cells > viable cells -worry about endotoxins
48
antibiotics in the bacterial growth phase
try to stop the exponential phase and skip to death phase
49
What factors influence bacterial growth
nutritional requirements temperature osmotic pressure atmospheric conditions
50
Obligate aerobes
need particular environments -in oxygen -obtain energy through aerobic respiration
51
Obligate anaerobes
grow in absence of oxygen -inhibited by O2
52
Aerotolerant anaerobes
prefer no O2 but can tolerate it -can grow but not utilize O2 for energy requirements -fermentation (produces a gas)
53
Facultative anaerobes
grow in either the absence or presence of O2
54
Microaerophiles
Require low concentration of O2 ~2-10% less than atmospheric oxygen
55
Capneic bacteria
require more CO2 than present in regular atmosphere
56
Neutrophils pH range
5-8 pH
57
Acidophiles
Best pH<5.5
58
Alkaliphiles pH
Best pH>8.5
59
most bacteria's pH is between
5-10
60
Spriochetes
helical, motile bacteria -twisting motion of axial fibrils -aqueous environment common pathogens: -syphilis -lyme disease -leptospirosis
61
Syphilis bacteria name
treponema pallidums
62
Lyme disease bacteria name
Borrelia burgdorgeri
63
Leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans
64
Microaerophilic Helical Vibrioid Gram (-) Bacteria
-slightly curved OR multiple helical turns -motile with flagella -fresh or coastal waters -cause disease in humans
65
Gram (-) Aerobic rods and cocci
diverse/extensively investigated -in nature -human pathogens -respiratory metabolism -Rhizobia (nitrogen fixation)
66
Gram (-) Aerobic rods and cocci examples
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neisseria sicca
67
Facultative Anaerobic Gram (-) rods
large group of bacteria -simple nutritional requirements -in soil, water, GI tract of animals and humans -E. coli
68
Facultative Anaerobic Gram (-) rods
E. Coli Proteus vulgaris
69
Anaerobic Gram (-) Rods
-straight, curved, helical, motile, non motile -GI tract of humans and animals -gum line and tooth
70
Bacteria found often in gum line and tooth surfaces
Leptotrichia buccalis Fusobacterium
71
Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci
pairs -mouth, intestines, vagina -associated with gingivitis in dental pts
72
Anaerobic Gram (-) Cocci
Veillonella (rare opportunistic infections)
73
Rickettsias and Chlamydias characteristics
-small gram (-) -require host -rod shaped but can be coccoidal -Rickettsiae need vertebrate and arthropod host
74
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky mountain spotted fever
75
Chlamydiae trachomatis
urogenital infections
76
Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma characteristics
-smallest of freeliving bacteria -no cell walls -pleomorphic -resistant to penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin, cell wall antibiotics -special growth requirements -cause disease in humans
77
Gram (+) cocci
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria -harmless to very harmful
78
Gram (+) cocci examples
micrococcus staphylococcus streptococcus peptococcus
79
Staphylococcus epidermidis shape
Cocci "grapes"
80
Endospore-forming Gram (+) Rods and Cocci
Bacillus Clostridium -important in medicine and food industry -Spores resistant to heat and disinfectants (harsh environments) -widespread in the soil
81
Irregular Nonsporing Gram (+) Rods
Pleomorphic -mainly facultative anaerobes
82
medically important species (irregular nonsporing gram positive rods)
Actinomyces- opportunistic Corynebacterium diphtheria- diphtheria Propionibacterium acnes- acne Actinomyces israeli- periodontal disease, lung infection
83
Mycobacteria
gram (+), aerobic, acid-fast rods -form filaments -widespread in water, soil, food -some obligate intracellular parasites -difficult to grow in culture -colonize in host without symptoms -infections are very difficult to treat -naturally resistant to antibiotics
84
85
nacordioforms
aerobic, gram (+), catalase-postive rods -branching filaments -widespread in environment -opportunistic -infection rare -originates in lungs but spreads

pharmacology (32 decks)

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