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pharmacology > Anti-Infective agents > Flashcards

Anti-Infective agents Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

product of a living organism that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

antimicrobial

A

any naturally occurring or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganism

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3
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Does not Kill
ability to inhibit growth and replication of bacteria
bc sometimes bacteria release endotoxins when destory

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4
Q

Bactericidal

A

kill bacteria independent of immune system

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5
Q

MIC

A

minimum inhibitory concentration
lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent necessary to inhibit growth of an organism

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6
Q

MBC

A

minimum bactericidal concentration
lowest concentration necessary to kill an organism

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7
Q

Intracellular bacteria

A

ability to reside and replicate within the cells
-makes it difficult to treat

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8
Q

Intracellular bacteria examples

A

salmonella typhi, Legionella spp, mycobacteria, chlamydiae

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9
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

A

reside and replicate OUTSIDE of the cell

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10
Q

example of extracellular bacteria

A

streptococci, staphylococci, most gram (-) enteric rods, psuedomonas spp

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11
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotic

A

effective against limited number of organisms
-< likely to disrupt normal flora
Gram (+) and gram (-) anarobes

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12
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics

A

effective against multiple organisms from more than a single class
-Gram (+) or gram (-) anaerobes
-affects normal flora
-don’t have to wait for microorganism identification

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13
Q

What does knowing the gram + or - help you know ?

A

helps you choose an antibiotic thats effective against a specific organism
-basic differences in cell wall compisition

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14
Q

Gram Positive

A

appears deep violet/blue (retains crystal violet)
-cell wall is LOW in lipid content

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15
Q

Gram negative

A

Appears red/pink
(retains secondary stain)
-cell wall is HIGH in lipid content

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16
Q

Patterns of Antibiotic resistance

A

-Differs from one community to the next
-change rapidly
-consider pt’s exposure and treatment behavior

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17
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

A

-mutations in gene that encodes target proteins (no longer binds the drug)
-Random events (doesn’t require previous exposure to the drug)
-transduction
-tranformation
-conjugation

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18
Q

Examples of antibiotic resistance through mutation

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

Transduction

A

when a virus containing DNA infects bacteria that has genes for drug resistance

-makes the bacterial cell resistant and capable of passing on the trait.
-staphylococcus aureus

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20
Q

Transformation

A

bacteria cell takes up a free moving DNA
-Penicillin resistance in pneumococci and Neisseria

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21
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of DNA from one organism to another through mating
-mainly in gram (-) bacilli
-Enterobacteriaceae and Shigella flexneri

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22
Q

Mechanism of action

A

-inhibit cell wall synthesis
-act on cell membrane to cause leakage
-impact ribosomal subunit (inhibits protein synthesis)
-BIND to ribosomal subunit to alter protein synthesis (death)
-blockage of metabolic steps
-changes in nucleic acid
-inhibition of enzymes needed for DNA synthesis

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23
Q

Examples of Bacteriostatic orgnaisms

A

chloramphenicol
clindamycin
erythromycin
sulfamethoxazole
tetracyclines
trimethoprim

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24
Q

Bactericidal organism examples

A

Aminoglycosides
cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolone
Penicillins
Vancomycin

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25
Q

Anaphylaxis needs

A

prior exposure

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26
Q

Select treatment based on

A

most effective
narrowest spectrum
lowest toxicity
least potential for allergy
most cost-effective
prophylaxis
duration

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27
Q

Gram (+) cocci (aerobic)

A

staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis**
Streptococcus pneumonia**
Group A,beta-hemolytic
Group B, group D

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28
Q

Gram (+) bacilli (aerobic)

A

Bacillus spp, Diphtheroids

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29
Q

Gram (-) bacilli (aerobic)

A

Haemophilus influenzae, campylobacter spp, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella spp
-Enterobacteriaceae
-Nonlactase Fermenters (Psuedomonas aeruginosa)

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30
Q

Gram (+) cocci (anaerobic)

A

Peptostretococcus spp

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31
Q

Gram (+) bacilli (anaerobic)

A

Clostridium spp

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32
Q

Gram (-) bacilli (anaerobic)

A

Bacteroides fragilis

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33
Q

Chlamydiae classification

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci

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34
Q

Myscoplasmas

A

lacks cell walls
-mycoplasma pneumoniae

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35
Q

Spirochetes

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia burgdorgeri (lyme disease)

36
Q

Fungi

A

Candida spp
Cryptococus neoformans
Aspergillus spp

37
Q

Candida spp

A

part of normal flora
broad spectrum antibiotics kill off the bacteria that keeps this in check

38
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria characteristics

A

-thick peptidoglycan (20-80nm)
-external to plasma membrane
-contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
-periplasmic space between plasma membrane and cell wall is minimal

-cross bridges of peptide side chain

39
Q

Gram-negative bacteria characteristics

A

-thin peptidoglycan layer (5-10 nm)
-MORE COMPLEX
-outer membrane that provides cover and is anchored to the lipoprotein molecules of peptidoglycan layer
-outer membrane is similar to plasma membrane
-Large periplasmic space
-has pores that pump the antibiotics out

40
Q

Compare to Gram (+), gram (-) cell wall is

A

more sophisticated

41
Q

Cocci

A

spherical or nearly spherical

42
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped
endospore forming

43
Q

Pleomorphic

A

variable or morphologically indistinct

44
Q

Lag Phase

A

bacteria have to adapt to medium before cell division
-cells are metabolically active

45
Q

Logarithmic (exponential growth phase)

A

rate of growth increases with time
-each cell divides by binary fission
-doubles the bacterial cells

46
Q

stationary phase

A

dying and producing at the same rate
-essential nutrients are depleted
OR
-byproducts of metabolism accumulate

47
Q

Death phase

A

growth stops
dead cells > viable cells
-worry about endotoxins

48
Q

antibiotics in the bacterial growth phase

A

try to stop the exponential phase and skip to death phase

49
Q

What factors influence bacterial growth

A

nutritional requirements
temperature
osmotic pressure
atmospheric conditions

50
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

need particular environments
-in oxygen
-obtain energy through aerobic respiration

51
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

grow in absence of oxygen
-inhibited by O2

52
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

prefer no O2 but can tolerate it
-can grow but not utilize O2 for energy requirements
-fermentation (produces a gas)

53
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

grow in either the absence or presence of O2

54
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Require low concentration of O2
~2-10% less than atmospheric oxygen

55
Q

Capneic bacteria

A

require more CO2 than present in regular atmosphere

56
Q

Neutrophils pH range

A

5-8 pH

57
Q

Acidophiles

A

Best pH<5.5

58
Q

Alkaliphiles pH

A

Best pH>8.5

59
Q

most bacteria’s pH is between

A

5-10

60
Q

Spriochetes

A

helical, motile bacteria
-twisting motion of axial fibrils
-aqueous environment
common pathogens:
-syphilis
-lyme disease
-leptospirosis

61
Q

Syphilis bacteria name

A

treponema pallidums

62
Q

Lyme disease bacteria name

A

Borrelia burgdorgeri

63
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Leptospira interrogans

64
Q

Microaerophilic Helical Vibrioid Gram (-) Bacteria

A

-slightly curved OR multiple helical turns
-motile with flagella
-fresh or coastal waters
-cause disease in humans

65
Q

Gram (-) Aerobic rods and cocci

A

diverse/extensively investigated
-in nature
-human pathogens
-respiratory metabolism
-Rhizobia (nitrogen fixation)

66
Q

Gram (-) Aerobic rods and cocci examples

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria sicca

67
Q

Facultative Anaerobic Gram (-) rods

A

large group of bacteria
-simple nutritional requirements
-in soil, water, GI tract of animals and humans
-E. coli

68
Q

Facultative Anaerobic Gram (-) rods

A

E. Coli
Proteus vulgaris

69
Q

Anaerobic Gram (-) Rods

A

-straight, curved, helical, motile, non motile
-GI tract of humans and animals
-gum line and tooth

70
Q

Bacteria found often in gum line and tooth surfaces

A

Leptotrichia buccalis
Fusobacterium

71
Q

Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci

A

pairs
-mouth, intestines, vagina
-associated with gingivitis in dental pts

72
Q

Anaerobic Gram (-) Cocci

A

Veillonella (rare opportunistic infections)

73
Q

Rickettsias and Chlamydias characteristics

A

-small gram (-)
-require host
-rod shaped but can be coccoidal
-Rickettsiae need vertebrate and arthropod host

74
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever

75
Q

Chlamydiae trachomatis

A

urogenital infections

76
Q

Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma characteristics

A

-smallest of freeliving bacteria
-no cell walls
-pleomorphic
-resistant to penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin, cell wall antibiotics
-special growth requirements
-cause disease in humans

77
Q

Gram (+) cocci

A

aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
-harmless to very harmful

78
Q

Gram (+) cocci examples

A

micrococcus
staphylococcus
streptococcus
peptococcus

79
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis shape

A

Cocci
“grapes”

80
Q

Endospore-forming Gram (+) Rods and Cocci

A

Bacillus
Clostridium
-important in medicine and food industry
-Spores resistant to heat and disinfectants (harsh environments)
-widespread in the soil

81
Q

Irregular Nonsporing Gram (+) Rods

A

Pleomorphic
-mainly facultative anaerobes

82
Q

medically important species (irregular nonsporing gram positive rods)

A

Actinomyces- opportunistic
Corynebacterium diphtheria- diphtheria
Propionibacterium acnes- acne
Actinomyces israeli- periodontal disease, lung infection

83
Q

Mycobacteria

A

gram (+), aerobic, acid-fast rods
-form filaments
-widespread in water, soil, food
-some obligate intracellular parasites
-difficult to grow in culture
-colonize in host without symptoms
-infections are very difficult to treat
-naturally resistant to antibiotics

84
Q
A
85
Q

nacordioforms

A

aerobic, gram (+), catalase-postive rods
-branching filaments
-widespread in environment
-opportunistic
-infection rare
-originates in lungs but spreads

pharmacology (32 decks)

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