Animal Transport Systems

Question 1

Describe the components of the blood in animals

Answer 1

Blood contains plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells.

It transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 2

How are red blood cells specialised to efficiently transport oxygen?

Answer 2

-No nucleus which gives more space for haemoglobin
-Biconcave shape to increase surface area for oxygen-carrying capacity
-Contain the red protein pigment haemoglobin

Question 3

How does haemoglobin help red blood cells in the efficient transport of oxygen?

Answer 3

Haemoglobin binds to the oxygen, this happens in the alveoli in the lungs where the oxygen concentration is high

Oxygen + Haemoglobin ➡️ Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 4

What is a pathogen?

Answer 4

Disease causing micro organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi)

Question 5

Name the two types of white blood cells

Answer 5

Lymphocytes and phagocytes

Question 6

Describe the process of Phagocytosis

Answer 6

Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes will engulf and digest pathogens

-Phagocyte surrounds the pathogen
-Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and encloses it in a vacuole
-Digestive enzyme within lysosomes in phagocytes digest the pathogen

Question 7

Describe the role of antibodies when destroying a pathogen

Answer 7

Lymphocytes produce antibodies which will bind to a specific protein in the pathogen called an antigen

Antibodies will bind to several pathogens preventing the pathogen from spreading and allowing phagocytes to engulf the pathogen

Antibodies are specific to only one type of pathogen

Question 8

Function of the atria

Answer 8

Pumps blood into the ventricles

Question 9

Function of the ventricles

Answer 9

Pump blood out of the heart

Question 10

Function of the Vena Cava

Answer 10

Brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium

Question 11

Function of the Pulmonary Vein

Answer 11

Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs

Question 12

Function of the Pulmonary Artery

Answer 12

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 13

Function of the Aorta

Answer 13

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body (bar the lungs)

Question 14

Function of the valves

Answer 14

Prevent back flow of blood into the heart

Question 15

Function of the Coronary Arteries

Answer 15

Provide the heart muscle with oxygen, glucose and amino acids

Question 16

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood through the heart

Answer 16

Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart, it enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. It is then pumped into the left ventricle and out of the left side of the heart to the rest of the body through the aorta

Question 17

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood through the heart

Answer 17

Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart through the vena cava and enters the right atrium. It is them pumped into the right ventricle and pumped out of the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 18

Describe the structure and function of an artery

Answer 18

The lumen of an artery is smaller than that of a vein and it has a thicker layer of smooth muscle to withstand the high pressure of blood.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Question 19

Describe the structure and function of a vein

Answer 19

Veins have a larger lumen, a smaller layer of smooth muscle and carry deoxygenated blood under lower pressure.

Veins also contain valves which prevent the back flow of blood into the heart