Animal Physiology - Lecture 3

Question 1

syngamy is the process of .. nuclei of the .. and .. fusing

Answer 1

haploid

sperm, ovum

Question 2

polyspermy is the entry of multiple sperm to an ..

Answer 2

egg

-the impacts of polyspermy vary between taxa

Question 3

the nucleolus can also be known as the .. spot

Answer 3

spot

Question 4

… surrounds the nulceus in eggs

Answer 4

cytoplasm/ooplasm

Question 5

the yolk of an egg is the ..

Answer 5

ooplasm

-contains the nutrients needed to support the egg during the early embryo stage

Question 6

the vitelline layer surrounds the .. and is the plasma membrane that …. the actual cells

Answer 6

yolk/ooplasm
surrounds
-it’s the egg cell

Question 7

the zona pellucida is the ‘..’ layer, it’s an … matrix containing …

Answer 7

transparent, extracellular

glycoproteins

Question 8

the Corona Radiata is formed from .. cells that adhere to the egg before it leaves the … follicle

Answer 8

follicle, ovarian

-the layers surrounding the egg are different betwen different taxa

Question 9

the centriole in sperm is important for … formation and …

it’s also important for .. development after fertilisation

Answer 9

tail, movement

embryo

Question 10

tue midpiece of the sperm has a central .. core, with many .. around it

these … produce ATP which is needed to power the tail through the female reproductive tract

Answer 10

filamentous, mitochondria

mitochondria

Question 11

the female reproductive tract is … times bigger than sperm

Answer 11

100,000

Question 12

In sexual species sperm have to penetrate the … coating in order to enter.

Answer 12

ovum

Question 13

Stage 1 of mammalian egg penetration:
To penetrate the mammal egg, the sperm must penetrate the … … .. cell layer.

It achieves this by ….

Answer 13

cumulus cell layer
hypermobility
-hyperacting, using vigorous mobility

Question 14

Stage 2 of mammalian egg penetration:
Sperm through the follicle layer into the Zona Pellucida, where it under goes the …. reaction, (stage 3) releasing .. which dissolve through the zona pellucida allowing the sperm to move through the glycoprotein matrix and the zona pellucida

Answer 14

acrosome, enzyme

Question 15

Stage 4 of mammalian egg penetration:

After … reaction, it exposes a new surface membarne of the sperm, which is recognised by the plasma membrane of the ..

Answer 15

acrosome, oocyte

-recognition mediated by specific proteins

Question 16

Zona pellucida 3 is responsible for .. to proteins on the sperms surface, inducing the .. reaction.

Answer 16

adhering, acrosome

Question 17

Zona pellucida 2 is important in the binding of .. and .. plasma membranes

Answer 17

sperm, egg

-top 5% most divergent molecules between humans and rodents

Question 18

Stage 5 of mammalian egg penetration:
Once protein recognition has occured, the ..-… plasma membrane fuses and sperm … enters the ovum and the two nuclei come together

Answer 18

sperm-egg
nuclei
-other sperm components also enter

Question 19

less than .. in a million sperm survive journey to ovum

Answer 19

1

Question 20

the nucleus is also known as the .. vesicle, containing the DNA

Answer 20

germinal

Question 21

the mammalian sperm cell consists of four sections

the .., the .., the .. and the ..

Answer 21

acrosome, neck, midpiece, tail

Question 22

the acrosome contains enzymes important for penetrating the female egg, and the .. is also contained here

Answer 22

nucleus

Question 23

the tail of sperm provides the lashing movements which .. sperm towards the egg

Answer 23

propels

Question 24

the seminal fluid is useful as sperm can only move through a ..

Answer 24

liquid

Question 25

after fertilisation in mammals, .. are released into the eggs extracellular matrix to modify the zona pellucida, preventing further .. penetration

Answer 25

enzymes
sperm
-stopping polyspermy

Question 26

Sea urchin eggs have e protective .. coat

Answer 26

jelly

-acrosome reaction still happens in this layer

Question 27

proteins from egg-jelly coat have been shown to have strong .. properties

Answer 27

chemoattractant

• dissolving readily in sea water, sperm migrate towards this
• matching species only

Question 28

jelly coat of external fertilisers is tougher than … fertilising species

Answer 28

internal

-due to environmental exposure

Question 29

Sea urchin egg-plasma membrane is beneath the jelly coat, it’s lined by .. which hold protein receptors

as sperm release … enzymes, a protrusion develops from the sperm head, which contacts the egg surface

then … on the surface of these heads is detected by ovum protein receptors

Answer 29

microvilli
acrosomal
bindin
-bindin species specific

Question 30

After sea urchin membrane fusion, the .. potential of the egg plasma membrane changes, … other sperm fusing with egg

Answer 30

electrical, preventing

Question 31

a cortical reaction is an .. tissue reaction
the sea urchin electrical potentail change is an example of this and is needed as ….s of sperm can encounter an egg in seconds

Answer 31

outer
100s
-no internal filteration like in mammlas

Question 32

Lysin is a sperm protein that dissolves the eggs envelope in the … mollusc

Answer 32

abalone