Animal Nutrition- Mammals Flashcards
What does a balanced diet consist of
carbs proteins lipids inorganic nutritions water vitamins fiber
What is digestion
when starch and proteins are broken down to smaller, more digestible molecules that can be taken up in the blood
Browser herbivores
eat foliage from trees and shrubs like elephant and giraffe
Grazer herbivores
eat grass like buck cattle and sheep
Food type of herbivores
plant foliage, roots and underground stems, seeds, and fruit
What are carnivores
predators and scavenger
What do predators do
hunt for prey, catch them and eat them like snakes and lions and eagles
What do scavengers do
eat off carcass once the predators have eaten their fill e.g hyenas, vultures, and jackals
What are omnivores
eat plants and animals like people apes baboons and pigs
Food types of omnivores
plant leaves, vegetables, fruit, nuts, eggs, and meat
Teeth of omnivores
teeth are of a similar shape and size, incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
Stomach of omnivores
Well developed stomach with gastric juice to digest proteins and fats
Energy relationships
Tertiary consumers consume the least amount of food as the diet is rich in all the nutrients required, especially proteins
Reasons for nutrition
Food provides energy so that the body can function
Food provides nutrition for the growth of cells and tissue
Food provides nutrition for the repair of cells and tissue
what is the mouth
is a cavity that is lined with a mucus membrane. The food is broken down into smaller molecules using the teeth and the tongue and mixed with saliva to form a bolus
What is a palate
is hard at the front and soft at the back
During the break down of the food molecules, the tongue presses the food against the palate which assists with the breaking with the breaking up
Salivary glands
The production of saliva is the first physiological process that takes place when food enters the body
Saliva is secreted by salivary glands.
Saliva consists of water, mineral salts, and enzymes. The food particles dissolve in the water so that the taste buds can be activated. It also keeps the mouth he mouth moist. Salivary amylase is found in saliva that breaks down starch into sucrose
Function of saliva
It is a lubricant. It mixes with the dry food to moisten it so that the bolus that is formed can be swallowed easily
Function of saliva
Serves as a lubricant. It mixes with the dry food to moisten it so that the bills that formed can be swallowed easily
Serve as a solvent for food molecules. Chemical resettled are activated so that a person can taste the food
It contains amylase that helps to digest starch
It keeps the mouth moist st that a person can talk
Mastication meaning
Food is ouu physically broken down in the mouth by the teeth into smaller molecules
Four types of teeth
Molars( back teeth)
Premolars ( bicuspids)
Canines ( eye teeth )
Incisors ( front teeth)
Four types of teeth
Molars( back teeth)
Premolars ( bicuspids)
Canines ( eyeteetg)
Incisors ( front teeth)
What are molars used for
For chewing and grinding food
What are Premolars used for
Have a flat biting surface. They tear and crush food
What are canines used for
Have a sharp, pointed biting surface and has a grip to tear food
What are the incisors used
Are used for cutting food into small chewable pieces
What is the tongue
Is a muscular organ that is attached ventrally and at the back of the mouth
The function of the tongue
Presses food against the teeth and at the hand palate to assist in the chewing process
Contains taste buds
Is necessary for speech
Helps to mix the food with saliva
Helps to form the bolus before it is pushed down the oesophagus
Function of the pharynx
Transfer the bolus to the oesaphagus when swallowing
The oesaphagus
is a hollow, muscular tube that lies behind the trachea and extends from the pharynx to the stomach.
The function of the oesaphagus
transport of bolus to the stomach
Where is the cardiac sphincter found
between the oesaphagus and the stomach
Where does the cardiac open
when the bolus reaches the sphincter through peristalsis
The function of the stomach
serves as temporary storage for food
The stomach mixes the bolus with the gastric juices movements to form chyme
The stomach secretes enzymes for chemical digestion
The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid
Types of enzymes
Lipases- enzymes that break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteases- enzymes that break down proteins, ending up with amino acids ph2
Carbohydrases- enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars ph8
3 arts of small intestines
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
the shortest part of the intestine
duodenum
which intestines enter the duodenum
the common bile and the pancreatic duct
which intestine is the area where most digestion and absorption of food takes place
the jejunum
what is found between the small and large intestine
the ileo- cacel
How do the villi improve absorption of nutrients
they enlarge the surface area for absorption
the absorption surface is kept moist by mucus
it is well supplied with blood capillaries
the function of small intestines
absorption of nutrients
receives bile and pancreas juice so that chemical digestion takes place
chemical digestion takes place
parts of the colon intestine
The caecum
the colon
the appendix
tree parts of the colon
the descending colon
the transverse colon
the rectum
The function of the large colon
serves as temporary storage for undigested waste products
absorbs water
mucus is secreted in the colon to ease the movement of undigested waste
bile salts are reabsorbed in the large intestine
What is the anus
the opening between the body and the environment and egestion takes place there
Where is the liver located
on the right side of the abdominal activity
what is bile produced by
the liver cells and is stored in the gall bladder
2 parts f the liver
the right lobe and the left lobe
functions of the liver
synthesis bile
synthesis vitamin A
stores Vitamin A, D, E, K, and B12
is a detoxification organ that absorbs and neutralizes toxins
stores blood and makes the blood available when needed
manages the metabolism of amino acids
Functions of bile
improves the absorption of the soluble vitamin A, D, E, K, and B12
improves the absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
is antiseptic which prevents decomposition in the small intestines
emulsifies fats to fat droplets
What is the pancreas
is a tongue-like an organ
What does the pancreas 2 part
the pancreatic cells and the cells of Langerhans
What does the pancreas cell secrete
the pancreatic juice which contains enzymes
Functions of insulin
stimulates muscles to absorb glucose from the blood
inhibits the livers conversion of glycogen into glucose
increases the rate of glucose oxidation in the muscle and liver
What is the liver responsible for
the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. Glucose that is absorbed from the digested tract is transported via the hepatic portal vein to the liver where excess glucose is converted to glycogen. When the body needs glucose for metabolic processes and respiration, glycogen is converted back into glucose
What does insulin control
the conversion of glucose to glycogen. they work together antagonistically to control blood sugar levels and it controls the converison of glycogen to glucose and is secreted by a - cells of the islets Langerhans
Why does insuli levels drop
becuase the concentration of glucose in the blood falls below normal so that less glucose is converted to glcogen
What happens if insulin is not poduced in sufficient quantities
the kidneys will excrete glucose in the urine
Assimilation
cells take up the nutrients and form new substances that are equired
elimination
undgested waste products that are not needed y te body
Aborption
the simple, oluble molecules arw absorbed b the cells of the digestion system
Digestion
Physical and chemical processes take place to change the arge insoluble food molecules into simpler, sluble molecues
Ingestion
food aken into the mout
Transport
the nutrients that are absorbed are transproted to different cells of the digestion system
